org.apache.commons.math3.stat.correlation

## Class PearsonsCorrelation

• java.lang.Object
• org.apache.commons.math3.stat.correlation.PearsonsCorrelation

• public class PearsonsCorrelation
extends Object
Computes Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients for pairs of arrays or columns of a matrix.

The constructors that take RealMatrix or double[][] arguments generate correlation matrices. The columns of the input matrices are assumed to represent variable values. Correlations are given by the formula

cor(X, Y) = Σ[(xi - E(X))(yi - E(Y))] / [(n - 1)s(X)s(Y)] where E(X) is the mean of X, E(Y) is the mean of the Y values and s(X), s(Y) are standard deviations.

To compute the correlation coefficient for a single pair of arrays, use PearsonsCorrelation() to construct an instance with no data and then correlation(double[], double[]). Correlation matrices can also be computed directly from an instance with no data using computeCorrelationMatrix(double[][]). In order to use getCorrelationMatrix(), getCorrelationPValues(), or getCorrelationStandardErrors(); however, one of the constructors supplying data or a covariance matrix must be used to create the instance.

Since:
2.0
• ### Constructor Summary

Constructors
Constructor and Description
PearsonsCorrelation()
Create a PearsonsCorrelation instance without data.
PearsonsCorrelation(Covariance covariance)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a Covariance.
PearsonsCorrelation(double[][] data)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a rectangular array whose columns represent values of variables to be correlated.
PearsonsCorrelation(RealMatrix matrix)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a RealMatrix whose columns represent variables to be correlated.
PearsonsCorrelation(RealMatrix covarianceMatrix, int numberOfObservations)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a covariance matrix.
• ### Method Summary

Methods
Modifier and Type Method and Description
RealMatrix computeCorrelationMatrix(double[][] data)
Computes the correlation matrix for the columns of the input rectangular array.
RealMatrix computeCorrelationMatrix(RealMatrix matrix)
Computes the correlation matrix for the columns of the input matrix, using correlation(double[], double[]).
double correlation(double[] xArray, double[] yArray)
Computes the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient between two arrays.
RealMatrix covarianceToCorrelation(RealMatrix covarianceMatrix)
Derives a correlation matrix from a covariance matrix.
RealMatrix getCorrelationMatrix()
Returns the correlation matrix.
RealMatrix getCorrelationPValues()
Returns a matrix of p-values associated with the (two-sided) null hypothesis that the corresponding correlation coefficient is zero.
RealMatrix getCorrelationStandardErrors()
Returns a matrix of standard errors associated with the estimates in the correlation matrix.
• ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
• ### Constructor Detail

• #### PearsonsCorrelation

public PearsonsCorrelation()
Create a PearsonsCorrelation instance without data.
• #### PearsonsCorrelation

public PearsonsCorrelation(double[][] data)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a rectangular array whose columns represent values of variables to be correlated. Throws MathIllegalArgumentException if the input array does not have at least two columns and two rows. Pairwise correlations are set to NaN if one of the correlates has zero variance.
Parameters:
data - rectangular array with columns representing variables
Throws:
MathIllegalArgumentException - if the input data array is not rectangular with at least two rows and two columns.
See Also:
correlation(double[], double[])
• #### PearsonsCorrelation

public PearsonsCorrelation(RealMatrix matrix)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a RealMatrix whose columns represent variables to be correlated. Throws MathIllegalArgumentException if the matrix does not have at least two columns and two rows. Pairwise correlations are set to NaN if one of the correlates has zero variance.
Parameters:
matrix - matrix with columns representing variables to correlate
Throws:
MathIllegalArgumentException - if the matrix does not contain sufficient data
See Also:
correlation(double[], double[])
• #### PearsonsCorrelation

public PearsonsCorrelation(Covariance covariance)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a Covariance. The correlation matrix is computed by scaling the Covariance's covariance matrix. The Covariance instance must have been created from a data matrix with columns representing variable values.
Parameters:
covariance - Covariance instance
• #### PearsonsCorrelation

public PearsonsCorrelation(RealMatrix covarianceMatrix,
int numberOfObservations)
Create a PearsonsCorrelation from a covariance matrix. The correlation matrix is computed by scaling the covariance matrix.
Parameters:
covarianceMatrix - covariance matrix
numberOfObservations - the number of observations in the dataset used to compute the covariance matrix
• ### Method Detail

• #### getCorrelationMatrix

public RealMatrix getCorrelationMatrix()
Returns the correlation matrix.

This method will return null if the argumentless constructor was used to create this instance, even if computeCorrelationMatrix(double[][]) has been called before it is activated.

Returns:
correlation matrix
• #### getCorrelationStandardErrors

public RealMatrix getCorrelationStandardErrors()
Returns a matrix of standard errors associated with the estimates in the correlation matrix.
getCorrelationStandardErrors().getEntry(i,j) is the standard error associated with getCorrelationMatrix.getEntry(i,j)

The formula used to compute the standard error is
SEr = ((1 - r2) / (n - 2))1/2 where r is the estimated correlation coefficient and n is the number of observations in the source dataset.

To use this method, one of the constructors that supply an input matrix must have been used to create this instance.

Returns:
matrix of correlation standard errors
Throws:
NullPointerException - if this instance was created with no data
• #### getCorrelationPValues

public RealMatrix getCorrelationPValues()
Returns a matrix of p-values associated with the (two-sided) null hypothesis that the corresponding correlation coefficient is zero.

getCorrelationPValues().getEntry(i,j) is the probability that a random variable distributed as tn-2 takes a value with absolute value greater than or equal to
|r|((n - 2) / (1 - r2))1/2

The values in the matrix are sometimes referred to as the significance of the corresponding correlation coefficients.

To use this method, one of the constructors that supply an input matrix must have been used to create this instance.

Returns:
matrix of p-values
Throws:
MaxCountExceededException - if an error occurs estimating probabilities
NullPointerException - if this instance was created with no data
• #### computeCorrelationMatrix

public RealMatrix computeCorrelationMatrix(RealMatrix matrix)
Computes the correlation matrix for the columns of the input matrix, using correlation(double[], double[]). Throws MathIllegalArgumentException if the matrix does not have at least two columns and two rows. Pairwise correlations are set to NaN if one of the correlates has zero variance.
Parameters:
matrix - matrix with columns representing variables to correlate
Returns:
correlation matrix
Throws:
MathIllegalArgumentException - if the matrix does not contain sufficient data
See Also:
correlation(double[], double[])
• #### computeCorrelationMatrix

public RealMatrix computeCorrelationMatrix(double[][] data)
Computes the correlation matrix for the columns of the input rectangular array. The columns of the array represent values of variables to be correlated. Throws MathIllegalArgumentException if the matrix does not have at least two columns and two rows or if the array is not rectangular. Pairwise correlations are set to NaN if one of the correlates has zero variance.
Parameters:
data - matrix with columns representing variables to correlate
Returns:
correlation matrix
Throws:
MathIllegalArgumentException - if the array does not contain sufficient data
See Also:
correlation(double[], double[])
• #### correlation

public double correlation(double[] xArray,
double[] yArray)
Computes the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient between two arrays.

Throws MathIllegalArgumentException if the arrays do not have the same length or their common length is less than 2. Returns NaN if either of the arrays has zero variance (i.e., if one of the arrays does not contain at least two distinct values).

Parameters:
xArray - first data array
yArray - second data array
Returns:
Returns Pearson's correlation coefficient for the two arrays
Throws:
DimensionMismatchException - if the arrays lengths do not match
MathIllegalArgumentException - if there is insufficient data
• #### covarianceToCorrelation

public RealMatrix covarianceToCorrelation(RealMatrix covarianceMatrix)
Derives a correlation matrix from a covariance matrix.

Uses the formula
r(X,Y) = cov(X,Y)/s(X)s(Y) where r(·,·) is the correlation coefficient and s(·) means standard deviation.

Parameters:
covarianceMatrix - the covariance matrix
Returns:
correlation matrix

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