001/*
002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
008 *
009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
010 *
011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
015 * limitations under the License.
016 */
017
018package org.apache.commons.beanutils;
019
020
021import java.lang.ref.Reference;
022import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
023import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
024import java.lang.reflect.Method;
025import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
026import java.util.Collections;
027import java.util.Map;
028import java.util.WeakHashMap;
029
030import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
031import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
032
033
034/**
035 * <p> Utility reflection methods focused on methods in general rather than properties in particular. </p>
036 *
037 * <h3>Known Limitations</h3>
038 * <h4>Accessing Public Methods In A Default Access Superclass</h4>
039 * <p>There is an issue when invoking public methods contained in a default access superclass.
040 * Reflection locates these methods fine and correctly assigns them as public.
041 * However, an <code>IllegalAccessException</code> is thrown if the method is invoked.</p>
042 *
043 * <p><code>MethodUtils</code> contains a workaround for this situation.
044 * It will attempt to call <code>setAccessible</code> on this method.
045 * If this call succeeds, then the method can be invoked as normal.
046 * This call will only succeed when the application has sufficient security privilages.
047 * If this call fails then a warning will be logged and the method may fail.</p>
048 *
049 * @version $Id$
050 */
051
052public class MethodUtils {
053
054    // --------------------------------------------------------- Private Methods
055
056    /**
057     * Only log warning about accessibility work around once.
058     * <p>
059     * Note that this is broken when this class is deployed via a shared
060     * classloader in a container, as the warning message will be emitted
061     * only once, not once per webapp. However making the warning appear
062     * once per webapp means having a map keyed by context classloader
063     * which introduces nasty memory-leak problems. As this warning is
064     * really optional we can ignore this problem; only one of the webapps
065     * will get the warning in its logs but that should be good enough.
066     */
067    private static boolean loggedAccessibleWarning = false;
068
069    /**
070     * Indicates whether methods should be cached for improved performance.
071     * <p>
072     * Note that when this class is deployed via a shared classloader in
073     * a container, this will affect all webapps. However making this
074     * configurable per webapp would mean having a map keyed by context classloader
075     * which may introduce memory-leak problems.
076     */
077    private static boolean CACHE_METHODS = true;
078
079    /** An empty class array */
080    private static final Class<?>[] EMPTY_CLASS_PARAMETERS = new Class[0];
081    /** An empty object array */
082    private static final Object[] EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Object[0];
083
084    /**
085     * Stores a cache of MethodDescriptor -> Method in a WeakHashMap.
086     * <p>
087     * The keys into this map only ever exist as temporary variables within
088     * methods of this class, and are never exposed to users of this class.
089     * This means that the WeakHashMap is used only as a mechanism for
090     * limiting the size of the cache, ie a way to tell the garbage collector
091     * that the contents of the cache can be completely garbage-collected
092     * whenever it needs the memory. Whether this is a good approach to
093     * this problem is doubtful; something like the commons-collections
094     * LRUMap may be more appropriate (though of course selecting an
095     * appropriate size is an issue).
096     * <p>
097     * This static variable is safe even when this code is deployed via a
098     * shared classloader because it is keyed via a MethodDescriptor object
099     * which has a Class as one of its members and that member is used in
100     * the MethodDescriptor.equals method. So two components that load the same
101     * class via different classloaders will generate non-equal MethodDescriptor
102     * objects and hence end up with different entries in the map.
103     */
104    private static final Map<MethodDescriptor, Reference<Method>> cache = Collections
105            .synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<MethodDescriptor, Reference<Method>>());
106
107    // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods
108
109    /**
110     * Set whether methods should be cached for greater performance or not,
111     * default is <code>true</code>.
112     *
113     * @param cacheMethods <code>true</code> if methods should be
114     * cached for greater performance, otherwise <code>false</code>
115     * @since 1.8.0
116     */
117    public static synchronized void setCacheMethods(final boolean cacheMethods) {
118        CACHE_METHODS = cacheMethods;
119        if (!CACHE_METHODS) {
120            clearCache();
121        }
122    }
123
124    /**
125     * Clear the method cache.
126     * @return the number of cached methods cleared
127     * @since 1.8.0
128     */
129    public static synchronized int clearCache() {
130        final int size = cache.size();
131        cache.clear();
132        return size;
133    }
134
135    /**
136     * <p>Invoke a named method whose parameter type matches the object type.</p>
137     *
138     * <p>The behaviour of this method is less deterministic
139     * than <code>invokeExactMethod()</code>.
140     * It loops through all methods with names that match
141     * and then executes the first it finds with compatible parameters.</p>
142     *
143     * <p>This method supports calls to methods taking primitive parameters
144     * via passing in wrapping classes. So, for example, a <code>Boolean</code> class
145     * would match a <code>boolean</code> primitive.</p>
146     *
147     * <p> This is a convenient wrapper for
148     * {@link #invokeMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args)}.
149     * </p>
150     *
151     * @param object invoke method on this object
152     * @param methodName get method with this name
153     * @param arg use this argument. May be null (this will result in calling the
154     *  parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
155     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
156     *
157     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
158     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
159     *  method invoked
160     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
161     *  via reflection
162     */
163    public static Object invokeMethod(
164            final Object object,
165            final String methodName,
166            final Object arg)
167            throws
168            NoSuchMethodException,
169            IllegalAccessException,
170            InvocationTargetException {
171
172        final Object[] args = toArray(arg);
173        return invokeMethod(object, methodName, args);
174    }
175
176
177    /**
178     * <p>Invoke a named method whose parameter type matches the object type.</p>
179     *
180     * <p>The behaviour of this method is less deterministic
181     * than {@link #invokeExactMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args)}.
182     * It loops through all methods with names that match
183     * and then executes the first it finds with compatible parameters.</p>
184     *
185     * <p>This method supports calls to methods taking primitive parameters
186     * via passing in wrapping classes. So, for example, a <code>Boolean</code> class
187     * would match a <code>boolean</code> primitive.</p>
188     *
189     * <p> This is a convenient wrapper for
190     * {@link #invokeMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args,Class[] parameterTypes)}.
191     * </p>
192     *
193     * @param object invoke method on this object
194     * @param methodName get method with this name
195     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
196     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
197     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
198     *
199     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
200     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
201     *  method invoked
202     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
203     *  via reflection
204     */
205    public static Object invokeMethod(
206            final Object object,
207            final String methodName,
208            Object[] args)
209            throws
210            NoSuchMethodException,
211            IllegalAccessException,
212            InvocationTargetException {
213
214        if (args == null) {
215            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
216        }
217        final int arguments = args.length;
218        final Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class[arguments];
219        for (int i = 0; i < arguments; i++) {
220            parameterTypes[i] = args[i].getClass();
221        }
222        return invokeMethod(object, methodName, args, parameterTypes);
223    }
224
225
226    /**
227     * <p>Invoke a named method whose parameter type matches the object type.</p>
228     *
229     * <p>The behaviour of this method is less deterministic
230     * than {@link
231     * #invokeExactMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args,Class[] parameterTypes)}.
232     * It loops through all methods with names that match
233     * and then executes the first it finds with compatible parameters.</p>
234     *
235     * <p>This method supports calls to methods taking primitive parameters
236     * via passing in wrapping classes. So, for example, a <code>Boolean</code> class
237     * would match a <code>boolean</code> primitive.</p>
238     *
239     *
240     * @param object invoke method on this object
241     * @param methodName get method with this name
242     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
243     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
244     * @param parameterTypes match these parameters - treat null as empty array
245     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
246     *
247     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
248     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
249     *  method invoked
250     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
251     *  via reflection
252     */
253    public static Object invokeMethod(
254            final Object object,
255            final String methodName,
256            Object[] args,
257            Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
258                throws
259                    NoSuchMethodException,
260                    IllegalAccessException,
261                    InvocationTargetException {
262
263        if (parameterTypes == null) {
264            parameterTypes = EMPTY_CLASS_PARAMETERS;
265        }
266        if (args == null) {
267            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
268        }
269
270        final Method method = getMatchingAccessibleMethod(
271                object.getClass(),
272                methodName,
273                parameterTypes);
274        if (method == null) {
275            throw new NoSuchMethodException("No such accessible method: " +
276                    methodName + "() on object: " + object.getClass().getName());
277        }
278        return method.invoke(object, args);
279    }
280
281
282    /**
283     * <p>Invoke a method whose parameter type matches exactly the object
284     * type.</p>
285     *
286     * <p> This is a convenient wrapper for
287     * {@link #invokeExactMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args)}.
288     * </p>
289     *
290     * @param object invoke method on this object
291     * @param methodName get method with this name
292     * @param arg use this argument. May be null (this will result in calling the
293     *  parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
294     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
295     *
296     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
297     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
298     *  method invoked
299     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
300     *  via reflection
301     */
302    public static Object invokeExactMethod(
303            final Object object,
304            final String methodName,
305            final Object arg)
306            throws
307            NoSuchMethodException,
308            IllegalAccessException,
309            InvocationTargetException {
310
311        final Object[] args = toArray(arg);
312        return invokeExactMethod(object, methodName, args);
313    }
314
315
316    /**
317     * <p>Invoke a method whose parameter types match exactly the object
318     * types.</p>
319     *
320     * <p> This uses reflection to invoke the method obtained from a call to
321     * <code>getAccessibleMethod()</code>.</p>
322     *
323     * @param object invoke method on this object
324     * @param methodName get method with this name
325     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
326     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
327     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
328     *
329     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
330     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
331     *  method invoked
332     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
333     *  via reflection
334     */
335    public static Object invokeExactMethod(
336            final Object object,
337            final String methodName,
338            Object[] args)
339            throws
340            NoSuchMethodException,
341            IllegalAccessException,
342            InvocationTargetException {
343
344        if (args == null) {
345            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
346        }
347        final int arguments = args.length;
348        final Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class[arguments];
349        for (int i = 0; i < arguments; i++) {
350            parameterTypes[i] = args[i].getClass();
351        }
352        return invokeExactMethod(object, methodName, args, parameterTypes);
353    }
354
355
356    /**
357     * <p>Invoke a method whose parameter types match exactly the parameter
358     * types given.</p>
359     *
360     * <p>This uses reflection to invoke the method obtained from a call to
361     * <code>getAccessibleMethod()</code>.</p>
362     *
363     * @param object invoke method on this object
364     * @param methodName get method with this name
365     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
366     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
367     * @param parameterTypes match these parameters - treat null as empty array
368     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
369     *
370     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
371     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
372     *  method invoked
373     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
374     *  via reflection
375     */
376    public static Object invokeExactMethod(
377            final Object object,
378            final String methodName,
379            Object[] args,
380            Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
381            throws
382            NoSuchMethodException,
383            IllegalAccessException,
384            InvocationTargetException {
385
386        if (args == null) {
387            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
388        }
389
390        if (parameterTypes == null) {
391            parameterTypes = EMPTY_CLASS_PARAMETERS;
392        }
393
394        final Method method = getAccessibleMethod(
395                object.getClass(),
396                methodName,
397                parameterTypes);
398        if (method == null) {
399            throw new NoSuchMethodException("No such accessible method: " +
400                    methodName + "() on object: " + object.getClass().getName());
401        }
402        return method.invoke(object, args);
403    }
404
405    /**
406     * <p>Invoke a static method whose parameter types match exactly the parameter
407     * types given.</p>
408     *
409     * <p>This uses reflection to invoke the method obtained from a call to
410     * {@link #getAccessibleMethod(Class, String, Class[])}.</p>
411     *
412     * @param objectClass invoke static method on this class
413     * @param methodName get method with this name
414     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
415     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
416     * @param parameterTypes match these parameters - treat null as empty array
417     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
418     *
419     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
420     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
421     *  method invoked
422     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
423     *  via reflection
424     * @since 1.8.0
425     */
426    public static Object invokeExactStaticMethod(
427            final Class<?> objectClass,
428            final String methodName,
429            Object[] args,
430            Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
431            throws
432            NoSuchMethodException,
433            IllegalAccessException,
434            InvocationTargetException {
435
436        if (args == null) {
437            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
438        }
439
440        if (parameterTypes == null) {
441            parameterTypes = EMPTY_CLASS_PARAMETERS;
442        }
443
444        final Method method = getAccessibleMethod(
445                objectClass,
446                methodName,
447                parameterTypes);
448        if (method == null) {
449            throw new NoSuchMethodException("No such accessible method: " +
450                    methodName + "() on class: " + objectClass.getName());
451        }
452        return method.invoke(null, args);
453    }
454
455    /**
456     * <p>Invoke a named static method whose parameter type matches the object type.</p>
457     *
458     * <p>The behaviour of this method is less deterministic
459     * than {@link #invokeExactMethod(Object, String, Object[], Class[])}.
460     * It loops through all methods with names that match
461     * and then executes the first it finds with compatible parameters.</p>
462     *
463     * <p>This method supports calls to methods taking primitive parameters
464     * via passing in wrapping classes. So, for example, a <code>Boolean</code> class
465     * would match a <code>boolean</code> primitive.</p>
466     *
467     * <p> This is a convenient wrapper for
468     * {@link #invokeStaticMethod(Class objectClass,String methodName,Object [] args)}.
469     * </p>
470     *
471     * @param objectClass invoke static method on this class
472     * @param methodName get method with this name
473     * @param arg use this argument. May be null (this will result in calling the
474     *  parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
475     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
476     *
477     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
478     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
479     *  method invoked
480     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
481     *  via reflection
482     * @since 1.8.0
483     */
484    public static Object invokeStaticMethod(
485            final Class<?> objectClass,
486            final String methodName,
487            final Object arg)
488            throws
489            NoSuchMethodException,
490            IllegalAccessException,
491            InvocationTargetException {
492
493        final Object[] args = toArray(arg);
494        return invokeStaticMethod (objectClass, methodName, args);
495    }
496
497
498    /**
499     * <p>Invoke a named static method whose parameter type matches the object type.</p>
500     *
501     * <p>The behaviour of this method is less deterministic
502     * than {@link #invokeExactMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args)}.
503     * It loops through all methods with names that match
504     * and then executes the first it finds with compatible parameters.</p>
505     *
506     * <p>This method supports calls to methods taking primitive parameters
507     * via passing in wrapping classes. So, for example, a <code>Boolean</code> class
508     * would match a <code>boolean</code> primitive.</p>
509     *
510     * <p> This is a convenient wrapper for
511     * {@link #invokeStaticMethod(Class objectClass,String methodName,Object [] args,Class[] parameterTypes)}.
512     * </p>
513     *
514     * @param objectClass invoke static method on this class
515     * @param methodName get method with this name
516     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
517     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
518     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
519     *
520     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
521     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
522     *  method invoked
523     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
524     *  via reflection
525     * @since 1.8.0
526     */
527    public static Object invokeStaticMethod(
528            final Class<?> objectClass,
529            final String methodName,
530            Object[] args)
531            throws
532            NoSuchMethodException,
533            IllegalAccessException,
534            InvocationTargetException {
535
536        if (args == null) {
537            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
538        }
539        final int arguments = args.length;
540        final Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class[arguments];
541        for (int i = 0; i < arguments; i++) {
542            parameterTypes[i] = args[i].getClass();
543        }
544        return invokeStaticMethod (objectClass, methodName, args, parameterTypes);
545    }
546
547
548    /**
549     * <p>Invoke a named static method whose parameter type matches the object type.</p>
550     *
551     * <p>The behaviour of this method is less deterministic
552     * than {@link
553     * #invokeExactStaticMethod(Class objectClass,String methodName,Object [] args,Class[] parameterTypes)}.
554     * It loops through all methods with names that match
555     * and then executes the first it finds with compatible parameters.</p>
556     *
557     * <p>This method supports calls to methods taking primitive parameters
558     * via passing in wrapping classes. So, for example, a <code>Boolean</code> class
559     * would match a <code>boolean</code> primitive.</p>
560     *
561     *
562     * @param objectClass invoke static method on this class
563     * @param methodName get method with this name
564     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
565     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
566     * @param parameterTypes match these parameters - treat null as empty array
567     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
568     *
569     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
570     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
571     *  method invoked
572     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
573     *  via reflection
574     * @since 1.8.0
575     */
576    public static Object invokeStaticMethod(
577            final Class<?> objectClass,
578            final String methodName,
579            Object[] args,
580            Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
581                throws
582                    NoSuchMethodException,
583                    IllegalAccessException,
584                    InvocationTargetException {
585
586        if (parameterTypes == null) {
587            parameterTypes = EMPTY_CLASS_PARAMETERS;
588        }
589        if (args == null) {
590            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
591        }
592
593        final Method method = getMatchingAccessibleMethod(
594                objectClass,
595                methodName,
596                parameterTypes);
597        if (method == null) {
598            throw new NoSuchMethodException("No such accessible method: " +
599                    methodName + "() on class: " + objectClass.getName());
600        }
601        return method.invoke(null, args);
602    }
603
604
605    /**
606     * <p>Invoke a static method whose parameter type matches exactly the object
607     * type.</p>
608     *
609     * <p> This is a convenient wrapper for
610     * {@link #invokeExactStaticMethod(Class objectClass,String methodName,Object [] args)}.
611     * </p>
612     *
613     * @param objectClass invoke static method on this class
614     * @param methodName get method with this name
615     * @param arg use this argument. May be null (this will result in calling the
616     *  parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
617     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
618     *
619     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
620     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
621     *  method invoked
622     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
623     *  via reflection
624     * @since 1.8.0
625     */
626    public static Object invokeExactStaticMethod(
627            final Class<?> objectClass,
628            final String methodName,
629            final Object arg)
630            throws
631            NoSuchMethodException,
632            IllegalAccessException,
633            InvocationTargetException {
634
635        final Object[] args = toArray(arg);
636        return invokeExactStaticMethod (objectClass, methodName, args);
637    }
638
639    /**
640     * <p>Invoke a static method whose parameter types match exactly the object
641     * types.</p>
642     *
643     * <p> This uses reflection to invoke the method obtained from a call to
644     * {@link #getAccessibleMethod(Class, String, Class[])}.</p>
645     *
646     * @param objectClass invoke static method on this class
647     * @param methodName get method with this name
648     * @param args use these arguments - treat null as empty array (passing null will
649     *  result in calling the parameterless method with name {@code methodName}).
650     * @return The value returned by the invoked method
651     *
652     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such accessible method
653     * @throws InvocationTargetException wraps an exception thrown by the
654     *  method invoked
655     * @throws IllegalAccessException if the requested method is not accessible
656     *  via reflection
657     * @since 1.8.0
658     */
659    public static Object invokeExactStaticMethod(
660            final Class<?> objectClass,
661            final String methodName,
662            Object[] args)
663            throws
664            NoSuchMethodException,
665            IllegalAccessException,
666            InvocationTargetException {
667
668        if (args == null) {
669            args = EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
670        }
671        final int arguments = args.length;
672        final Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class[arguments];
673        for (int i = 0; i < arguments; i++) {
674            parameterTypes[i] = args[i].getClass();
675        }
676        return invokeExactStaticMethod(objectClass, methodName, args, parameterTypes);
677    }
678
679
680    private static Object[] toArray(final Object arg) {
681        Object[] args = null;
682        if (arg != null) {
683            args = new Object[] { arg };
684        }
685        return args;
686    }
687
688    /**
689     * <p>Return an accessible method (that is, one that can be invoked via
690     * reflection) with given name and a single parameter.  If no such method
691     * can be found, return <code>null</code>.
692     * Basically, a convenience wrapper that constructs a <code>Class</code>
693     * array for you.</p>
694     *
695     * @param clazz get method from this class
696     * @param methodName get method with this name
697     * @param parameterType taking this type of parameter
698     * @return The accessible method
699     */
700    public static Method getAccessibleMethod(
701            final Class<?> clazz,
702            final String methodName,
703            final Class<?> parameterType) {
704
705        final Class<?>[] parameterTypes = {parameterType};
706        return getAccessibleMethod(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes);
707    }
708
709
710    /**
711     * <p>Return an accessible method (that is, one that can be invoked via
712     * reflection) with given name and parameters.  If no such method
713     * can be found, return <code>null</code>.
714     * This is just a convenient wrapper for
715     * {@link #getAccessibleMethod(Method method)}.</p>
716     *
717     * @param clazz get method from this class
718     * @param methodName get method with this name
719     * @param parameterTypes with these parameters types
720     * @return The accessible method
721     */
722    public static Method getAccessibleMethod(
723            final Class<?> clazz,
724            final String methodName,
725            final Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
726
727        try {
728            final MethodDescriptor md = new MethodDescriptor(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes, true);
729            // Check the cache first
730            Method method = getCachedMethod(md);
731            if (method != null) {
732                return method;
733            }
734
735            method =  getAccessibleMethod
736                    (clazz, clazz.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes));
737            cacheMethod(md, method);
738            return method;
739        } catch (final NoSuchMethodException e) {
740            return (null);
741        }
742    }
743
744    /**
745     * <p>Return an accessible method (that is, one that can be invoked via
746     * reflection) that implements the specified Method.  If no such method
747     * can be found, return <code>null</code>.</p>
748     *
749     * @param method The method that we wish to call
750     * @return The accessible method
751     */
752    public static Method getAccessibleMethod(final Method method) {
753
754        // Make sure we have a method to check
755        if (method == null) {
756            return (null);
757        }
758
759        return getAccessibleMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(), method);
760    }
761
762
763
764    /**
765     * <p>Return an accessible method (that is, one that can be invoked via
766     * reflection) that implements the specified Method.  If no such method
767     * can be found, return <code>null</code>.</p>
768     *
769     * @param clazz The class of the object
770     * @param method The method that we wish to call
771     * @return The accessible method
772     * @since 1.8.0
773     */
774    public static Method getAccessibleMethod(Class<?> clazz, Method method) {
775
776        // Make sure we have a method to check
777        if (method == null) {
778            return (null);
779        }
780
781        // If the requested method is not public we cannot call it
782        if (!Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers())) {
783            return (null);
784        }
785
786        boolean sameClass = true;
787        if (clazz == null) {
788            clazz = method.getDeclaringClass();
789        } else {
790            sameClass = clazz.equals(method.getDeclaringClass());
791            if (!method.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
792                throw new IllegalArgumentException(clazz.getName() +
793                        " is not assignable from " + method.getDeclaringClass().getName());
794            }
795        }
796
797        // If the class is public, we are done
798        if (Modifier.isPublic(clazz.getModifiers())) {
799            if (!sameClass && !Modifier.isPublic(method.getDeclaringClass().getModifiers())) {
800                setMethodAccessible(method); // Default access superclass workaround
801            }
802            return (method);
803        }
804
805        final String methodName      = method.getName();
806        final Class<?>[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
807
808        // Check the implemented interfaces and subinterfaces
809        method =
810                getAccessibleMethodFromInterfaceNest(clazz,
811                        methodName,
812                        parameterTypes);
813
814        // Check the superclass chain
815        if (method == null) {
816            method = getAccessibleMethodFromSuperclass(clazz,
817                        methodName,
818                        parameterTypes);
819        }
820
821        return (method);
822    }
823
824
825    // -------------------------------------------------------- Private Methods
826
827    /**
828     * <p>Return an accessible method (that is, one that can be invoked via
829     * reflection) by scanning through the superclasses. If no such method
830     * can be found, return <code>null</code>.</p>
831     *
832     * @param clazz Class to be checked
833     * @param methodName Method name of the method we wish to call
834     * @param parameterTypes The parameter type signatures
835     */
836    private static Method getAccessibleMethodFromSuperclass
837            (final Class<?> clazz, final String methodName, final Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
838
839        Class<?> parentClazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
840        while (parentClazz != null) {
841            if (Modifier.isPublic(parentClazz.getModifiers())) {
842                try {
843                    return parentClazz.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
844                } catch (final NoSuchMethodException e) {
845                    return null;
846                }
847            }
848            parentClazz = parentClazz.getSuperclass();
849        }
850        return null;
851    }
852
853    /**
854     * <p>Return an accessible method (that is, one that can be invoked via
855     * reflection) that implements the specified method, by scanning through
856     * all implemented interfaces and subinterfaces.  If no such method
857     * can be found, return <code>null</code>.</p>
858     *
859     * <p> There isn't any good reason why this method must be private.
860     * It is because there doesn't seem any reason why other classes should
861     * call this rather than the higher level methods.</p>
862     *
863     * @param clazz Parent class for the interfaces to be checked
864     * @param methodName Method name of the method we wish to call
865     * @param parameterTypes The parameter type signatures
866     */
867    private static Method getAccessibleMethodFromInterfaceNest
868            (Class<?> clazz, final String methodName, final Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
869
870        Method method = null;
871
872        // Search up the superclass chain
873        for (; clazz != null; clazz = clazz.getSuperclass()) {
874
875            // Check the implemented interfaces of the parent class
876            final Class<?>[] interfaces = clazz.getInterfaces();
877            for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
878
879                // Is this interface public?
880                if (!Modifier.isPublic(interfaces[i].getModifiers())) {
881                    continue;
882                }
883
884                // Does the method exist on this interface?
885                try {
886                    method = interfaces[i].getDeclaredMethod(methodName,
887                            parameterTypes);
888                } catch (final NoSuchMethodException e) {
889                    /* Swallow, if no method is found after the loop then this
890                     * method returns null.
891                     */
892                }
893                if (method != null) {
894                    return method;
895                }
896
897                // Recursively check our parent interfaces
898                method =
899                        getAccessibleMethodFromInterfaceNest(interfaces[i],
900                                methodName,
901                                parameterTypes);
902                if (method != null) {
903                    return method;
904                }
905
906            }
907
908        }
909
910        // We did not find anything
911        return (null);
912    }
913
914    /**
915     * <p>Find an accessible method that matches the given name and has compatible parameters.
916     * Compatible parameters mean that every method parameter is assignable from
917     * the given parameters.
918     * In other words, it finds a method with the given name
919     * that will take the parameters given.</p>
920     *
921     * <p>This method is slightly undeterministic since it loops
922     * through methods names and return the first matching method.</p>
923     *
924     * <p>This method is used by
925     * {@link
926     * #invokeMethod(Object object,String methodName,Object [] args,Class[] parameterTypes)}.
927     *
928     * <p>This method can match primitive parameter by passing in wrapper classes.
929     * For example, a <code>Boolean</code> will match a primitive <code>boolean</code>
930     * parameter.
931     *
932     * @param clazz find method in this class
933     * @param methodName find method with this name
934     * @param parameterTypes find method with compatible parameters
935     * @return The accessible method
936     */
937    public static Method getMatchingAccessibleMethod(
938                                                final Class<?> clazz,
939                                                final String methodName,
940                                                final Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
941        // trace logging
942        final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(MethodUtils.class);
943        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
944            log.trace("Matching name=" + methodName + " on " + clazz);
945        }
946        final MethodDescriptor md = new MethodDescriptor(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes, false);
947
948        // see if we can find the method directly
949        // most of the time this works and it's much faster
950        try {
951            // Check the cache first
952            Method method = getCachedMethod(md);
953            if (method != null) {
954                return method;
955            }
956
957            method = clazz.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
958            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
959                log.trace("Found straight match: " + method);
960                log.trace("isPublic:" + Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers()));
961            }
962
963            setMethodAccessible(method); // Default access superclass workaround
964
965            cacheMethod(md, method);
966            return method;
967
968        } catch (final NoSuchMethodException e) { /* SWALLOW */ }
969
970        // search through all methods
971        final int paramSize = parameterTypes.length;
972        Method bestMatch = null;
973        final Method[] methods = clazz.getMethods();
974        float bestMatchCost = Float.MAX_VALUE;
975        float myCost = Float.MAX_VALUE;
976        for (Method method2 : methods) {
977            if (method2.getName().equals(methodName)) {
978                // log some trace information
979                if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
980                    log.trace("Found matching name:");
981                    log.trace(method2);
982                }
983
984                // compare parameters
985                final Class<?>[] methodsParams = method2.getParameterTypes();
986                final int methodParamSize = methodsParams.length;
987                if (methodParamSize == paramSize) {
988                    boolean match = true;
989                    for (int n = 0 ; n < methodParamSize; n++) {
990                        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
991                            log.trace("Param=" + parameterTypes[n].getName());
992                            log.trace("Method=" + methodsParams[n].getName());
993                        }
994                        if (!isAssignmentCompatible(methodsParams[n], parameterTypes[n])) {
995                            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
996                                log.trace(methodsParams[n] + " is not assignable from "
997                                            + parameterTypes[n]);
998                            }
999                            match = false;
1000                            break;
1001                        }
1002                    }
1003
1004                    if (match) {
1005                        // get accessible version of method
1006                        final Method method = getAccessibleMethod(clazz, method2);
1007                        if (method != null) {
1008                            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
1009                                log.trace(method + " accessible version of "
1010                                            + method2);
1011                            }
1012                            setMethodAccessible(method); // Default access superclass workaround
1013                            myCost = getTotalTransformationCost(parameterTypes,method.getParameterTypes());
1014                            if ( myCost < bestMatchCost ) {
1015                               bestMatch = method;
1016                               bestMatchCost = myCost;
1017                            }
1018                        }
1019
1020                        log.trace("Couldn't find accessible method.");
1021                    }
1022                }
1023            }
1024        }
1025        if ( bestMatch != null ){
1026                 cacheMethod(md, bestMatch);
1027        } else {
1028        // didn't find a match
1029               log.trace("No match found.");
1030        }
1031
1032        return bestMatch;
1033    }
1034
1035    /**
1036     * Try to make the method accessible
1037     * @param method The source arguments
1038     */
1039    private static void setMethodAccessible(final Method method) {
1040        try {
1041            //
1042            // XXX Default access superclass workaround
1043            //
1044            // When a public class has a default access superclass
1045            // with public methods, these methods are accessible.
1046            // Calling them from compiled code works fine.
1047            //
1048            // Unfortunately, using reflection to invoke these methods
1049            // seems to (wrongly) to prevent access even when the method
1050            // modifer is public.
1051            //
1052            // The following workaround solves the problem but will only
1053            // work from sufficiently privilages code.
1054            //
1055            // Better workarounds would be greatfully accepted.
1056            //
1057            if (!method.isAccessible()) {
1058                method.setAccessible(true);
1059            }
1060
1061        } catch (final SecurityException se) {
1062            // log but continue just in case the method.invoke works anyway
1063            final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(MethodUtils.class);
1064            if (!loggedAccessibleWarning) {
1065                boolean vulnerableJVM = false;
1066                try {
1067                    final String specVersion = System.getProperty("java.specification.version");
1068                    if (specVersion.charAt(0) == '1' &&
1069                            (specVersion.charAt(2) == '0' ||
1070                             specVersion.charAt(2) == '1' ||
1071                             specVersion.charAt(2) == '2' ||
1072                             specVersion.charAt(2) == '3')) {
1073
1074                        vulnerableJVM = true;
1075                    }
1076                } catch (final SecurityException e) {
1077                    // don't know - so display warning
1078                    vulnerableJVM = true;
1079                }
1080                if (vulnerableJVM) {
1081                    log.warn(
1082                        "Current Security Manager restricts use of workarounds for reflection bugs "
1083                        + " in pre-1.4 JVMs.");
1084                }
1085                loggedAccessibleWarning = true;
1086            }
1087            log.debug("Cannot setAccessible on method. Therefore cannot use jvm access bug workaround.", se);
1088        }
1089    }
1090
1091    /**
1092     * Returns the sum of the object transformation cost for each class in the source
1093     * argument list.
1094     * @param srcArgs The source arguments
1095     * @param destArgs The destination arguments
1096     * @return The total transformation cost
1097     */
1098    private static float getTotalTransformationCost(final Class<?>[] srcArgs, final Class<?>[] destArgs) {
1099
1100        float totalCost = 0.0f;
1101        for (int i = 0; i < srcArgs.length; i++) {
1102            Class<?> srcClass, destClass;
1103            srcClass = srcArgs[i];
1104            destClass = destArgs[i];
1105            totalCost += getObjectTransformationCost(srcClass, destClass);
1106        }
1107
1108        return totalCost;
1109    }
1110
1111    /**
1112     * Gets the number of steps required needed to turn the source class into the
1113     * destination class. This represents the number of steps in the object hierarchy
1114     * graph.
1115     * @param srcClass The source class
1116     * @param destClass The destination class
1117     * @return The cost of transforming an object
1118     */
1119    private static float getObjectTransformationCost(Class<?> srcClass, final Class<?> destClass) {
1120        float cost = 0.0f;
1121        while (srcClass != null && !destClass.equals(srcClass)) {
1122            if (destClass.isPrimitive()) {
1123                final Class<?> destClassWrapperClazz = getPrimitiveWrapper(destClass);
1124                if (destClassWrapperClazz != null && destClassWrapperClazz.equals(srcClass)) {
1125                    cost += 0.25f;
1126                    break;
1127                }
1128            }
1129            if (destClass.isInterface() && isAssignmentCompatible(destClass,srcClass)) {
1130                // slight penalty for interface match.
1131                // we still want an exact match to override an interface match, but
1132                // an interface match should override anything where we have to get a
1133                // superclass.
1134                cost += 0.25f;
1135                break;
1136            }
1137            cost++;
1138            srcClass = srcClass.getSuperclass();
1139        }
1140
1141        /*
1142         * If the destination class is null, we've travelled all the way up to
1143         * an Object match. We'll penalize this by adding 1.5 to the cost.
1144         */
1145        if (srcClass == null) {
1146            cost += 1.5f;
1147        }
1148
1149        return cost;
1150    }
1151
1152
1153    /**
1154     * <p>Determine whether a type can be used as a parameter in a method invocation.
1155     * This method handles primitive conversions correctly.</p>
1156     *
1157     * <p>In order words, it will match a <code>Boolean</code> to a <code>boolean</code>,
1158     * a <code>Long</code> to a <code>long</code>,
1159     * a <code>Float</code> to a <code>float</code>,
1160     * a <code>Integer</code> to a <code>int</code>,
1161     * and a <code>Double</code> to a <code>double</code>.
1162     * Now logic widening matches are allowed.
1163     * For example, a <code>Long</code> will not match a <code>int</code>.
1164     *
1165     * @param parameterType the type of parameter accepted by the method
1166     * @param parameterization the type of parameter being tested
1167     *
1168     * @return true if the assignment is compatible.
1169     */
1170    public static final boolean isAssignmentCompatible(final Class<?> parameterType, final Class<?> parameterization) {
1171        // try plain assignment
1172        if (parameterType.isAssignableFrom(parameterization)) {
1173            return true;
1174        }
1175
1176        if (parameterType.isPrimitive()) {
1177            // this method does *not* do widening - you must specify exactly
1178            // is this the right behaviour?
1179            final Class<?> parameterWrapperClazz = getPrimitiveWrapper(parameterType);
1180            if (parameterWrapperClazz != null) {
1181                return parameterWrapperClazz.equals(parameterization);
1182            }
1183        }
1184
1185        return false;
1186    }
1187
1188    /**
1189     * Gets the wrapper object class for the given primitive type class.
1190     * For example, passing <code>boolean.class</code> returns <code>Boolean.class</code>
1191     * @param primitiveType the primitive type class for which a match is to be found
1192     * @return the wrapper type associated with the given primitive
1193     * or null if no match is found
1194     */
1195    public static Class<?> getPrimitiveWrapper(final Class<?> primitiveType) {
1196        // does anyone know a better strategy than comparing names?
1197        if (boolean.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1198            return Boolean.class;
1199        } else if (float.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1200            return Float.class;
1201        } else if (long.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1202            return Long.class;
1203        } else if (int.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1204            return Integer.class;
1205        } else if (short.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1206            return Short.class;
1207        } else if (byte.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1208            return Byte.class;
1209        } else if (double.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1210            return Double.class;
1211        } else if (char.class.equals(primitiveType)) {
1212            return Character.class;
1213        } else {
1214
1215            return null;
1216        }
1217    }
1218
1219    /**
1220     * Gets the class for the primitive type corresponding to the primitive wrapper class given.
1221     * For example, an instance of <code>Boolean.class</code> returns a <code>boolean.class</code>.
1222     * @param wrapperType the
1223     * @return the primitive type class corresponding to the given wrapper class,
1224     * null if no match is found
1225     */
1226    public static Class<?> getPrimitiveType(final Class<?> wrapperType) {
1227        // does anyone know a better strategy than comparing names?
1228        if (Boolean.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1229            return boolean.class;
1230        } else if (Float.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1231            return float.class;
1232        } else if (Long.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1233            return long.class;
1234        } else if (Integer.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1235            return int.class;
1236        } else if (Short.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1237            return short.class;
1238        } else if (Byte.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1239            return byte.class;
1240        } else if (Double.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1241            return double.class;
1242        } else if (Character.class.equals(wrapperType)) {
1243            return char.class;
1244        } else {
1245            final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(MethodUtils.class);
1246            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
1247                log.debug("Not a known primitive wrapper class: " + wrapperType);
1248            }
1249            return null;
1250        }
1251    }
1252
1253    /**
1254     * Find a non primitive representation for given primitive class.
1255     *
1256     * @param clazz the class to find a representation for, not null
1257     * @return the original class if it not a primitive. Otherwise the wrapper class. Not null
1258     */
1259    public static Class<?> toNonPrimitiveClass(final Class<?> clazz) {
1260        if (clazz.isPrimitive()) {
1261            final Class<?> primitiveClazz = MethodUtils.getPrimitiveWrapper(clazz);
1262            // the above method returns
1263            if (primitiveClazz != null) {
1264                return primitiveClazz;
1265            } else {
1266                return clazz;
1267            }
1268        } else {
1269            return clazz;
1270        }
1271    }
1272
1273
1274    /**
1275     * Return the method from the cache, if present.
1276     *
1277     * @param md The method descriptor
1278     * @return The cached method
1279     */
1280    private static Method getCachedMethod(final MethodDescriptor md) {
1281        if (CACHE_METHODS) {
1282            final Reference<Method> methodRef = cache.get(md);
1283            if (methodRef != null) {
1284                return methodRef.get();
1285            }
1286        }
1287        return null;
1288    }
1289
1290    /**
1291     * Add a method to the cache.
1292     *
1293     * @param md The method descriptor
1294     * @param method The method to cache
1295     */
1296    private static void cacheMethod(final MethodDescriptor md, final Method method) {
1297        if (CACHE_METHODS) {
1298            if (method != null) {
1299                cache.put(md, new WeakReference<Method>(method));
1300            }
1301        }
1302    }
1303
1304    /**
1305     * Represents the key to looking up a Method by reflection.
1306     */
1307    private static class MethodDescriptor {
1308        private final Class<?> cls;
1309        private final String methodName;
1310        private final Class<?>[] paramTypes;
1311        private final boolean exact;
1312        private final int hashCode;
1313
1314        /**
1315         * The sole constructor.
1316         *
1317         * @param cls  the class to reflect, must not be null
1318         * @param methodName  the method name to obtain
1319         * @param paramTypes the array of classes representing the parameter types
1320         * @param exact whether the match has to be exact.
1321         */
1322        public MethodDescriptor(final Class<?> cls, final String methodName, Class<?>[] paramTypes, final boolean exact) {
1323            if (cls == null) {
1324                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class cannot be null");
1325            }
1326            if (methodName == null) {
1327                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Method Name cannot be null");
1328            }
1329            if (paramTypes == null) {
1330                paramTypes = EMPTY_CLASS_PARAMETERS;
1331            }
1332
1333            this.cls = cls;
1334            this.methodName = methodName;
1335            this.paramTypes = paramTypes;
1336            this.exact= exact;
1337
1338            this.hashCode = methodName.length();
1339        }
1340        /**
1341         * Checks for equality.
1342         * @param obj object to be tested for equality
1343         * @return true, if the object describes the same Method.
1344         */
1345        @Override
1346        public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
1347            if (!(obj instanceof MethodDescriptor)) {
1348                return false;
1349            }
1350            final MethodDescriptor md = (MethodDescriptor)obj;
1351
1352            return (
1353                exact == md.exact &&
1354                methodName.equals(md.methodName) &&
1355                cls.equals(md.cls) &&
1356                java.util.Arrays.equals(paramTypes, md.paramTypes)
1357            );
1358        }
1359        /**
1360         * Returns the string length of method name. I.e. if the
1361         * hashcodes are different, the objects are different. If the
1362         * hashcodes are the same, need to use the equals method to
1363         * determine equality.
1364         * @return the string length of method name.
1365         */
1366        @Override
1367        public int hashCode() {
1368            return hashCode;
1369        }
1370    }
1371}