001/*
002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
008 *
009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
010 *
011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
015 * limitations under the License.
016 */
017
018
019package org.apache.commons.beanutils;
020
021
022import java.io.File;
023import java.lang.reflect.Array;
024import java.math.BigDecimal;
025import java.math.BigInteger;
026import java.net.URL;
027import java.sql.Timestamp;
028import java.util.Calendar;
029import java.util.Collection;
030
031import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ArrayConverter;
032import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.BigDecimalConverter;
033import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.BigIntegerConverter;
034import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.BooleanConverter;
035import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ByteConverter;
036import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.CalendarConverter;
037import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.CharacterConverter;
038import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ClassConverter;
039import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ConverterFacade;
040import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.DateConverter;
041import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.DoubleConverter;
042import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.FileConverter;
043import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.FloatConverter;
044import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.IntegerConverter;
045import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.LongConverter;
046import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.ShortConverter;
047import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.SqlDateConverter;
048import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.SqlTimeConverter;
049import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.SqlTimestampConverter;
050import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.StringConverter;
051import org.apache.commons.beanutils.converters.URLConverter;
052import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
053import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
054
055
056/**
057 * <p>Utility methods for converting String scalar values to objects of the
058 * specified Class, String arrays to arrays of the specified Class.  The
059 * actual {@link Converter} instance to be used can be registered for each
060 * possible destination Class.  Unless you override them, standard
061 * {@link Converter} instances are provided for all of the following
062 * destination Classes:</p>
063 * <ul>
064 * <li>java.lang.BigDecimal (no default value)</li>
065 * <li>java.lang.BigInteger (no default value)</li>
066 * <li>boolean and java.lang.Boolean (default to false)</li>
067 * <li>byte and java.lang.Byte (default to zero)</li>
068 * <li>char and java.lang.Character (default to a space)</li>
069 * <li>java.lang.Class (no default value)</li>
070 * <li>double and java.lang.Double (default to zero)</li>
071 * <li>float and java.lang.Float (default to zero)</li>
072 * <li>int and java.lang.Integer (default to zero)</li>
073 * <li>long and java.lang.Long (default to zero)</li>
074 * <li>short and java.lang.Short (default to zero)</li>
075 * <li>java.lang.String (default to null)</li>
076 * <li>java.io.File (no default value)</li>
077 * <li>java.net.URL (no default value)</li>
078 * <li>java.sql.Date (no default value)</li>
079 * <li>java.sql.Time (no default value)</li>
080 * <li>java.sql.Timestamp (no default value)</li>
081 * </ul>
082 *
083 * <p>For backwards compatibility, the standard Converters for primitive
084 * types (and the corresponding wrapper classes) return a defined
085 * default value when a conversion error occurs.  If you prefer to have a
086 * {@link ConversionException} thrown instead, replace the standard Converter
087 * instances with instances created with the zero-arguments constructor.  For
088 * example, to cause the Converters for integers to throw an exception on
089 * conversion errors, you could do this:</p>
090 * <pre>
091 *   // No-args constructor gets the version that throws exceptions
092 *   Converter myConverter =
093 *    new org.apache.commons.beanutils.converter.IntegerConverter();
094 *   ConvertUtils.register(myConverter, Integer.TYPE);    // Native type
095 *   ConvertUtils.register(myConverter, Integer.class);   // Wrapper class
096 * </pre>
097 *
098 * <p>
099 * Converters generally treat null input as if it were invalid
100 * input, ie they return their default value if one was specified when the
101 * converter was constructed, and throw an exception otherwise. If you prefer
102 * nulls to be preserved for converters that are converting to objects (not
103 * primitives) then register a converter as above, passing a default value of
104 * null to the converter constructor (and of course registering that converter
105 * only for the .class target).
106 * </p>
107 *
108 * <p>
109 * When a converter is listed above as having no default value, then that
110 * converter will throw an exception when passed null or an invalid value
111 * as its input. In particular, by default the BigInteger and BigDecimal
112 * converters have no default (and are therefore somewhat inconsistent
113 * with the other numerical converters which all have zero as their default).
114 * </p>
115 *
116 * <p>
117 * Converters that generate <i>arrays</i> of each of the primitive types are
118 * also automatically configured (including String[]). When passed null
119 * or invalid input, these return an empty array (not null). See class
120 * AbstractArrayConverter for the supported input formats for these converters.
121 * </p>
122 *
123 * @version $Id$
124 * @since 1.7
125 */
126
127public class ConvertUtilsBean {
128
129    private static final Integer ZERO = new Integer(0);
130    private static final Character SPACE = new Character(' ');
131
132    // ------------------------------------------------------- Class Methods
133    /**
134     * Get singleton instance
135     * @return The singleton instance
136     */
137    protected static ConvertUtilsBean getInstance() {
138        return BeanUtilsBean.getInstance().getConvertUtils();
139    }
140
141    // ------------------------------------------------------- Variables
142
143
144    /**
145     * The set of {@link Converter}s that can be used to convert Strings
146     * into objects of a specified Class, keyed by the destination Class.
147     */
148    private final WeakFastHashMap<Class<?>, Converter> converters =
149            new WeakFastHashMap<Class<?>, Converter>();
150
151    /**
152     * The <code>Log</code> instance for this class.
153     */
154    private final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(ConvertUtils.class);
155
156    // ------------------------------------------------------- Constructors
157
158    /** Construct a bean with standard converters registered */
159    public ConvertUtilsBean() {
160        converters.setFast(false);
161        deregister();
162        converters.setFast(true);
163    }
164
165    // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods
166
167    /**
168     * The default value for Boolean conversions.
169     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Boolean.TYPE and
170     *  Boolean.class instead
171     */
172    @Deprecated
173    private Boolean defaultBoolean = Boolean.FALSE;
174
175    /**
176     * Gets the default value for Boolean conversions.
177     * @return The default Boolean value
178     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Boolean.TYPE and
179     *  Boolean.class instead
180     */
181    @Deprecated
182    public boolean getDefaultBoolean() {
183        return (defaultBoolean.booleanValue());
184    }
185
186    /**
187     * Sets the default value for Boolean conversions.
188     * @param newDefaultBoolean The default Boolean value
189     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Boolean.TYPE and
190     *  Boolean.class instead
191     */
192    @Deprecated
193    public void setDefaultBoolean(final boolean newDefaultBoolean) {
194        defaultBoolean = (newDefaultBoolean ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE);
195        register(new BooleanConverter(defaultBoolean), Boolean.TYPE);
196        register(new BooleanConverter(defaultBoolean), Boolean.class);
197    }
198
199
200    /**
201     * The default value for Byte conversions.
202     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Byte.TYPE and
203     *  Byte.class instead
204     */
205    @Deprecated
206    private Byte defaultByte = new Byte((byte) 0);
207
208    /**
209     * Gets the default value for Byte conversions.
210     * @return The default Byte value
211     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Byte.TYPE and
212     *  Byte.class instead
213     */
214    @Deprecated
215    public byte getDefaultByte() {
216        return (defaultByte.byteValue());
217    }
218
219    /**
220     * Sets the default value for Byte conversions.
221     * @param newDefaultByte The default Byte value
222     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Byte.TYPE and
223     *  Byte.class instead
224     */
225    @Deprecated
226    public void setDefaultByte(final byte newDefaultByte) {
227        defaultByte = new Byte(newDefaultByte);
228        register(new ByteConverter(defaultByte), Byte.TYPE);
229        register(new ByteConverter(defaultByte), Byte.class);
230    }
231
232
233    /**
234     * The default value for Character conversions.
235     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Character.TYPE and
236     *  Character.class instead
237     */
238    @Deprecated
239    private Character defaultCharacter = new Character(' ');
240
241    /**
242     * Gets the default value for Character conversions.
243     * @return The default Character value
244     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Character.TYPE and
245     *  Character.class instead
246     */
247    @Deprecated
248    public char getDefaultCharacter() {
249        return (defaultCharacter.charValue());
250    }
251
252    /**
253     * Sets the default value for Character conversions.
254     * @param newDefaultCharacter The default Character value
255     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Character.TYPE and
256     *  Character.class instead
257     */
258    @Deprecated
259    public void setDefaultCharacter(final char newDefaultCharacter) {
260        defaultCharacter = new Character(newDefaultCharacter);
261        register(new CharacterConverter(defaultCharacter),
262                    Character.TYPE);
263        register(new CharacterConverter(defaultCharacter),
264                    Character.class);
265    }
266
267
268    /**
269     * The default value for Double conversions.
270     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Double.TYPE and
271     *  Double.class instead
272     */
273    @Deprecated
274    private Double defaultDouble = new Double(0.0);
275
276    /**
277     * Gets the default value for Double conversions.
278     * @return The default Double value
279     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Double.TYPE and
280     *  Double.class instead
281     */
282    @Deprecated
283    public double getDefaultDouble() {
284        return (defaultDouble.doubleValue());
285    }
286
287    /**
288     * Sets the default value for Double conversions.
289     * @param newDefaultDouble The default Double value
290     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Double.TYPE and
291     *  Double.class instead
292     */
293    @Deprecated
294    public void setDefaultDouble(final double newDefaultDouble) {
295        defaultDouble = new Double(newDefaultDouble);
296        register(new DoubleConverter(defaultDouble), Double.TYPE);
297        register(new DoubleConverter(defaultDouble), Double.class);
298    }
299
300
301    /**
302     * The default value for Float conversions.
303     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Float.TYPE and
304     *  Float.class instead
305     */
306    @Deprecated
307    private Float defaultFloat = new Float((float) 0.0);
308
309    /**
310     * Gets the default value for Float conversions.
311     * @return The default Float value
312     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Float.TYPE and
313     *  Float.class instead
314     */
315    @Deprecated
316    public float getDefaultFloat() {
317        return (defaultFloat.floatValue());
318    }
319
320    /**
321     * Sets the default value for Float conversions.
322     * @param newDefaultFloat The default Float value
323     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Float.TYPE and
324     *  Float.class instead
325     */
326    @Deprecated
327    public void setDefaultFloat(final float newDefaultFloat) {
328        defaultFloat = new Float(newDefaultFloat);
329        register(new FloatConverter(defaultFloat), Float.TYPE);
330        register(new FloatConverter(defaultFloat), Float.class);
331    }
332
333
334    /**
335     * The default value for Integer conversions.
336     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Integer.TYPE and
337     *  Integer.class instead
338     */
339    @Deprecated
340    private Integer defaultInteger = new Integer(0);
341
342    /**
343     * Gets the default value for Integer conversions.
344     * @return The default Integer value
345     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Integer.TYPE and
346     *  Integer.class instead
347     */
348    @Deprecated
349    public int getDefaultInteger() {
350        return (defaultInteger.intValue());
351    }
352
353    /**
354     * Sets the default value for Integer conversions.
355     * @param newDefaultInteger The default Integer value
356     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Integer.TYPE and
357     *  Integer.class instead
358     */
359    @Deprecated
360    public void setDefaultInteger(final int newDefaultInteger) {
361        defaultInteger = new Integer(newDefaultInteger);
362        register(new IntegerConverter(defaultInteger), Integer.TYPE);
363        register(new IntegerConverter(defaultInteger), Integer.class);
364    }
365
366
367    /**
368     * The default value for Long conversions.
369     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Long.TYPE and
370     *  Long.class instead
371     */
372    @Deprecated
373    private Long defaultLong = new Long(0);
374
375    /**
376     * Gets the default value for Long conversions.
377     * @return The default Long value
378     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Long.TYPE and
379     *  Long.class instead
380     */
381    @Deprecated
382    public long getDefaultLong() {
383        return (defaultLong.longValue());
384    }
385
386    /**
387     * Sets the default value for Long conversions.
388     * @param newDefaultLong The default Long value
389     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Long.TYPE and
390     *  Long.class instead
391     */
392    @Deprecated
393    public void setDefaultLong(final long newDefaultLong) {
394        defaultLong = new Long(newDefaultLong);
395        register(new LongConverter(defaultLong), Long.TYPE);
396        register(new LongConverter(defaultLong), Long.class);
397    }
398
399
400    /**
401     * The default value for Short conversions.
402     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Short.TYPE and
403     *  Short.class instead
404     */
405    @Deprecated
406    private static Short defaultShort = new Short((short) 0);
407
408    /**
409     * Gets the default value for Short conversions.
410     * @return The default Short value
411     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Short.TYPE and
412     *  Short.class instead
413     */
414    @Deprecated
415    public short getDefaultShort() {
416        return (defaultShort.shortValue());
417    }
418
419    /**
420     * Sets the default value for Short conversions.
421     * @param newDefaultShort The default Short value
422     * @deprecated Register replacement converters for Short.TYPE and
423     *  Short.class instead
424     */
425    @Deprecated
426    public void setDefaultShort(final short newDefaultShort) {
427        defaultShort = new Short(newDefaultShort);
428        register(new ShortConverter(defaultShort), Short.TYPE);
429        register(new ShortConverter(defaultShort), Short.class);
430    }
431
432
433
434    /**
435     * Convert the specified value into a String.  If the specified value
436     * is an array, the first element (converted to a String) will be
437     * returned.  The registered {@link Converter} for the
438     * <code>java.lang.String</code> class will be used, which allows
439     * applications to customize Object->String conversions (the default
440     * implementation simply uses toString()).
441     *
442     * @param value Value to be converted (may be null)
443     * @return The converted String value or null if value is null
444     */
445    public String convert(Object value) {
446
447        if (value == null) {
448            return null;
449        } else if (value.getClass().isArray()) {
450            if (Array.getLength(value) < 1) {
451                return (null);
452            }
453            value = Array.get(value, 0);
454            if (value == null) {
455                return null;
456            } else {
457                final Converter converter = lookup(String.class);
458                return (converter.convert(String.class, value));
459            }
460        } else {
461            final Converter converter = lookup(String.class);
462            return (converter.convert(String.class, value));
463        }
464
465    }
466
467
468    /**
469     * Convert the specified value to an object of the specified class (if
470     * possible).  Otherwise, return a String representation of the value.
471     *
472     * @param value Value to be converted (may be null)
473     * @param clazz Java class to be converted to (must not be null)
474     * @return The converted value
475     *
476     * @throws ConversionException if thrown by an underlying Converter
477     */
478    public Object convert(final String value, final Class<?> clazz) {
479
480        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
481            log.debug("Convert string '" + value + "' to class '" +
482                      clazz.getName() + "'");
483        }
484        Converter converter = lookup(clazz);
485        if (converter == null) {
486            converter = lookup(String.class);
487        }
488        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
489            log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
490        }
491        return (converter.convert(clazz, value));
492
493    }
494
495
496    /**
497     * Convert an array of specified values to an array of objects of the
498     * specified class (if possible).  If the specified Java class is itself
499     * an array class, this class will be the type of the returned value.
500     * Otherwise, an array will be constructed whose component type is the
501     * specified class.
502     *
503     * @param values Array of values to be converted
504     * @param clazz Java array or element class to be converted to (must not be null)
505     * @return The converted value
506     *
507     * @throws ConversionException if thrown by an underlying Converter
508     */
509    public Object convert(final String[] values, final Class<?> clazz) {
510
511        Class<?> type = clazz;
512        if (clazz.isArray()) {
513            type = clazz.getComponentType();
514        }
515        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
516            log.debug("Convert String[" + values.length + "] to class '" +
517                      type.getName() + "[]'");
518        }
519        Converter converter = lookup(type);
520        if (converter == null) {
521            converter = lookup(String.class);
522        }
523        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
524            log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
525        }
526        final Object array = Array.newInstance(type, values.length);
527        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
528            Array.set(array, i, converter.convert(type, values[i]));
529        }
530        return (array);
531
532    }
533
534
535    /**
536     * Convert the value to an object of the specified class (if
537     * possible). If no converter for the desired target type is registered,
538     * the passed in object is returned unchanged.
539     *
540     * @param value Value to be converted (may be null)
541     * @param targetType Class of the value to be converted to (must not be null)
542     * @return The converted value
543     *
544     * @throws ConversionException if thrown by an underlying Converter
545     */
546    public Object convert(final Object value, final Class<?> targetType) {
547
548        final Class<?> sourceType = value == null ? null : value.getClass();
549
550        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
551            if (value == null) {
552                log.debug("Convert null value to type '" +
553                        targetType.getName() + "'");
554            } else {
555                log.debug("Convert type '" + sourceType.getName() + "' value '" + value +
556                      "' to type '" + targetType.getName() + "'");
557            }
558        }
559
560        Object converted = value;
561        Converter converter = lookup(sourceType, targetType);
562        if (converter != null) {
563            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
564                log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
565            }
566            converted = converter.convert(targetType, value);
567        }
568        if (String.class.equals(targetType) && converted != null &&
569                !(converted instanceof String)) {
570
571            // NOTE: For backwards compatibility, if the Converter
572            //       doesn't handle  conversion-->String then
573            //       use the registered String Converter
574            converter = lookup(String.class);
575            if (converter != null) {
576                if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
577                    log.trace("  Using converter " + converter);
578                }
579                converted = converter.convert(String.class, converted);
580            }
581
582            // If the object still isn't a String, use toString() method
583            if (converted != null && !(converted instanceof String)) {
584                converted = converted.toString();
585            }
586
587        }
588        return converted;
589
590    }
591
592    /**
593     * Remove all registered {@link Converter}s, and re-establish the
594     * standard Converters.
595     */
596    public void deregister() {
597
598        converters.clear();
599
600        registerPrimitives(false);
601        registerStandard(false, false);
602        registerOther(true);
603        registerArrays(false, 0);
604        register(BigDecimal.class, new BigDecimalConverter());
605        register(BigInteger.class, new BigIntegerConverter());
606    }
607
608    /**
609     * Register the provided converters with the specified defaults.
610     *
611     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
612     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise
613     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
614     * @param defaultNull <code>true</code>if the <i>standard</i> converters
615     * (see {@link ConvertUtilsBean#registerStandard(boolean, boolean)})
616     * should use a default value of <code>null</code>, otherwise <code>false</code>.
617     * N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>
618     * @param defaultArraySize The size of the default array value for array converters
619     * (N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>).
620     * Specifying a value less than zero causes a <code>null</code> value to be used for
621     * the default.
622     */
623    public void register(final boolean throwException, final boolean defaultNull, final int defaultArraySize) {
624        registerPrimitives(throwException);
625        registerStandard(throwException, defaultNull);
626        registerOther(throwException);
627        registerArrays(throwException, defaultArraySize);
628    }
629
630    /**
631     * Register the converters for primitive types.
632     * </p>
633     * This method registers the following converters:
634     * <ul>
635     *     <li><code>Boolean.TYPE</code> - {@link BooleanConverter}</li>
636     *     <li><code>Byte.TYPE</code> - {@link ByteConverter}</li>
637     *     <li><code>Character.TYPE</code> - {@link CharacterConverter}</li>
638     *     <li><code>Double.TYPE</code> - {@link DoubleConverter}</li>
639     *     <li><code>Float.TYPE</code> - {@link FloatConverter}</li>
640     *     <li><code>Integer.TYPE</code> - {@link IntegerConverter}</li>
641     *     <li><code>Long.TYPE</code> - {@link LongConverter}</li>
642     *     <li><code>Short.TYPE</code> - {@link ShortConverter}</li>
643     * </ul>
644     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
645     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
646     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
647     */
648    private void registerPrimitives(final boolean throwException) {
649        register(Boolean.TYPE,   throwException ? new BooleanConverter()    : new BooleanConverter(Boolean.FALSE));
650        register(Byte.TYPE,      throwException ? new ByteConverter()       : new ByteConverter(ZERO));
651        register(Character.TYPE, throwException ? new CharacterConverter()  : new CharacterConverter(SPACE));
652        register(Double.TYPE,    throwException ? new DoubleConverter()     : new DoubleConverter(ZERO));
653        register(Float.TYPE,     throwException ? new FloatConverter()      : new FloatConverter(ZERO));
654        register(Integer.TYPE,   throwException ? new IntegerConverter()    : new IntegerConverter(ZERO));
655        register(Long.TYPE,      throwException ? new LongConverter()       : new LongConverter(ZERO));
656        register(Short.TYPE,     throwException ? new ShortConverter()      : new ShortConverter(ZERO));
657    }
658
659    /**
660     * Register the converters for standard types.
661     * </p>
662     * This method registers the following converters:
663     * <ul>
664     *     <li><code>BigDecimal.class</code> - {@link BigDecimalConverter}</li>
665     *     <li><code>BigInteger.class</code> - {@link BigIntegerConverter}</li>
666     *     <li><code>Boolean.class</code> - {@link BooleanConverter}</li>
667     *     <li><code>Byte.class</code> - {@link ByteConverter}</li>
668     *     <li><code>Character.class</code> - {@link CharacterConverter}</li>
669     *     <li><code>Double.class</code> - {@link DoubleConverter}</li>
670     *     <li><code>Float.class</code> - {@link FloatConverter}</li>
671     *     <li><code>Integer.class</code> - {@link IntegerConverter}</li>
672     *     <li><code>Long.class</code> - {@link LongConverter}</li>
673     *     <li><code>Short.class</code> - {@link ShortConverter}</li>
674     *     <li><code>String.class</code> - {@link StringConverter}</li>
675     * </ul>
676     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
677     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
678     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
679     * @param defaultNull <code>true</code>if the <i>standard</i> converters
680     * (see {@link ConvertUtilsBean#registerStandard(boolean, boolean)})
681     * should use a default value of <code>null</code>, otherwise <code>false</code>.
682     * N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>
683     */
684    private void registerStandard(final boolean throwException, final boolean defaultNull) {
685
686        final Number     defaultNumber     = defaultNull ? null : ZERO;
687        final BigDecimal bigDecDeflt       = defaultNull ? null : new BigDecimal("0.0");
688        final BigInteger bigIntDeflt       = defaultNull ? null : new BigInteger("0");
689        final Boolean    booleanDefault    = defaultNull ? null : Boolean.FALSE;
690        final Character  charDefault       = defaultNull ? null : SPACE;
691        final String     stringDefault     = defaultNull ? null : "";
692
693        register(BigDecimal.class, throwException ? new BigDecimalConverter() : new BigDecimalConverter(bigDecDeflt));
694        register(BigInteger.class, throwException ? new BigIntegerConverter() : new BigIntegerConverter(bigIntDeflt));
695        register(Boolean.class,    throwException ? new BooleanConverter()    : new BooleanConverter(booleanDefault));
696        register(Byte.class,       throwException ? new ByteConverter()       : new ByteConverter(defaultNumber));
697        register(Character.class,  throwException ? new CharacterConverter()  : new CharacterConverter(charDefault));
698        register(Double.class,     throwException ? new DoubleConverter()     : new DoubleConverter(defaultNumber));
699        register(Float.class,      throwException ? new FloatConverter()      : new FloatConverter(defaultNumber));
700        register(Integer.class,    throwException ? new IntegerConverter()    : new IntegerConverter(defaultNumber));
701        register(Long.class,       throwException ? new LongConverter()       : new LongConverter(defaultNumber));
702        register(Short.class,      throwException ? new ShortConverter()      : new ShortConverter(defaultNumber));
703        register(String.class,     throwException ? new StringConverter()     : new StringConverter(stringDefault));
704
705    }
706
707    /**
708     * Register the converters for other types.
709     * </p>
710     * This method registers the following converters:
711     * <ul>
712     *     <li><code>Class.class</code> - {@link ClassConverter}</li>
713     *     <li><code>java.util.Date.class</code> - {@link DateConverter}</li>
714     *     <li><code>java.util.Calendar.class</code> - {@link CalendarConverter}</li>
715     *     <li><code>File.class</code> - {@link FileConverter}</li>
716     *     <li><code>java.sql.Date.class</code> - {@link SqlDateConverter}</li>
717     *     <li><code>java.sql.Time.class</code> - {@link SqlTimeConverter}</li>
718     *     <li><code>java.sql.Timestamp.class</code> - {@link SqlTimestampConverter}</li>
719     *     <li><code>URL.class</code> - {@link URLConverter}</li>
720     * </ul>
721     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
722     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
723     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
724     */
725    private void registerOther(final boolean throwException) {
726        register(Class.class,         throwException ? new ClassConverter()        : new ClassConverter(null));
727        register(java.util.Date.class, throwException ? new DateConverter()        : new DateConverter(null));
728        register(Calendar.class,      throwException ? new CalendarConverter()     : new CalendarConverter(null));
729        register(File.class,          throwException ? new FileConverter()         : new FileConverter(null));
730        register(java.sql.Date.class, throwException ? new SqlDateConverter()      : new SqlDateConverter(null));
731        register(java.sql.Time.class, throwException ? new SqlTimeConverter()      : new SqlTimeConverter(null));
732        register(Timestamp.class,     throwException ? new SqlTimestampConverter() : new SqlTimestampConverter(null));
733        register(URL.class,           throwException ? new URLConverter()          : new URLConverter(null));
734    }
735
736    /**
737     * Register array converters.
738     *
739     * @param throwException <code>true</code> if the converters should
740     * throw an exception when a conversion error occurs, otherwise <code>
741     * <code>false</code> if a default value should be used.
742     * @param defaultArraySize The size of the default array value for array converters
743     * (N.B. This values is ignored if <code>throwException</code> is <code>true</code>).
744     * Specifying a value less than zero causes a <code>null<code> value to be used for
745     * the default.
746     */
747    private void registerArrays(final boolean throwException, final int defaultArraySize) {
748
749        // Primitives
750        registerArrayConverter(Boolean.TYPE,   new BooleanConverter(),   throwException, defaultArraySize);
751        registerArrayConverter(Byte.TYPE,      new ByteConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
752        registerArrayConverter(Character.TYPE, new CharacterConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
753        registerArrayConverter(Double.TYPE,    new DoubleConverter(),    throwException, defaultArraySize);
754        registerArrayConverter(Float.TYPE,     new FloatConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);
755        registerArrayConverter(Integer.TYPE,   new IntegerConverter(),   throwException, defaultArraySize);
756        registerArrayConverter(Long.TYPE,      new LongConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
757        registerArrayConverter(Short.TYPE,     new ShortConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);
758
759        // Standard
760        registerArrayConverter(BigDecimal.class, new BigDecimalConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
761        registerArrayConverter(BigInteger.class, new BigIntegerConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
762        registerArrayConverter(Boolean.class,    new BooleanConverter(),    throwException, defaultArraySize);
763        registerArrayConverter(Byte.class,       new ByteConverter(),       throwException, defaultArraySize);
764        registerArrayConverter(Character.class,  new CharacterConverter(),  throwException, defaultArraySize);
765        registerArrayConverter(Double.class,     new DoubleConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);
766        registerArrayConverter(Float.class,      new FloatConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
767        registerArrayConverter(Integer.class,    new IntegerConverter(),    throwException, defaultArraySize);
768        registerArrayConverter(Long.class,       new LongConverter(),       throwException, defaultArraySize);
769        registerArrayConverter(Short.class,      new ShortConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
770        registerArrayConverter(String.class,     new StringConverter(),     throwException, defaultArraySize);
771
772        // Other
773        registerArrayConverter(Class.class,          new ClassConverter(),        throwException, defaultArraySize);
774        registerArrayConverter(java.util.Date.class, new DateConverter(),         throwException, defaultArraySize);
775        registerArrayConverter(Calendar.class,       new DateConverter(),         throwException, defaultArraySize);
776        registerArrayConverter(File.class,           new FileConverter(),         throwException, defaultArraySize);
777        registerArrayConverter(java.sql.Date.class,  new SqlDateConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
778        registerArrayConverter(java.sql.Time.class,  new SqlTimeConverter(),      throwException, defaultArraySize);
779        registerArrayConverter(Timestamp.class,      new SqlTimestampConverter(), throwException, defaultArraySize);
780        registerArrayConverter(URL.class,            new URLConverter(),          throwException, defaultArraySize);
781
782    }
783
784    /**
785     * Register a new ArrayConverter with the specified element delegate converter
786     * that returns a default array of the specified size in the event of conversion errors.
787     *
788     * @param componentType The component type of the array
789     * @param componentConverter The converter to delegate to for the array elements
790     * @param throwException Whether a conversion exception should be thrown or a default
791     * value used in the event of a conversion error
792     * @param defaultArraySize The size of the default array
793     */
794    private void registerArrayConverter(final Class<?> componentType, final Converter componentConverter,
795            final boolean throwException, final int defaultArraySize) {
796        final Class<?> arrayType = Array.newInstance(componentType, 0).getClass();
797        Converter arrayConverter = null;
798        if (throwException) {
799            arrayConverter = new ArrayConverter(arrayType, componentConverter);
800        } else {
801            arrayConverter = new ArrayConverter(arrayType, componentConverter, defaultArraySize);
802        }
803        register(arrayType, arrayConverter);
804    }
805
806    /** strictly for convenience since it has same parameter order as Map.put */
807    private void register(final Class<?> clazz, final Converter converter) {
808        register(new ConverterFacade(converter), clazz);
809    }
810
811    /**
812     * Remove any registered {@link Converter} for the specified destination
813     * <code>Class</code>.
814     *
815     * @param clazz Class for which to remove a registered Converter
816     */
817    public void deregister(final Class<?> clazz) {
818
819        converters.remove(clazz);
820
821    }
822
823
824    /**
825     * Look up and return any registered {@link Converter} for the specified
826     * destination class; if there is no registered Converter, return
827     * <code>null</code>.
828     *
829     * @param clazz Class for which to return a registered Converter
830     * @return The registered {@link Converter} or <code>null</code> if not found
831     */
832    public Converter lookup(final Class<?> clazz) {
833
834        return (converters.get(clazz));
835
836    }
837
838    /**
839     * Look up and return any registered {@link Converter} for the specified
840     * source and destination class; if there is no registered Converter,
841     * return <code>null</code>.
842     *
843     * @param sourceType Class of the value being converted
844     * @param targetType Class of the value to be converted to
845     * @return The registered {@link Converter} or <code>null</code> if not found
846     */
847    public Converter lookup(final Class<?> sourceType, final Class<?> targetType) {
848
849        if (targetType == null) {
850            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Target type is missing");
851        }
852        if (sourceType == null) {
853            return lookup(targetType);
854        }
855
856        Converter converter = null;
857        // Convert --> String
858        if (targetType == String.class) {
859            converter = lookup(sourceType);
860            if (converter == null && (sourceType.isArray() ||
861                        Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(sourceType))) {
862                converter = lookup(String[].class);
863            }
864            if (converter == null) {
865                converter = lookup(String.class);
866            }
867            return converter;
868        }
869
870        // Convert --> String array
871        if (targetType == String[].class) {
872            if (sourceType.isArray() || Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(sourceType)) {
873                converter = lookup(sourceType);
874            }
875            if (converter == null) {
876                converter = lookup(String[].class);
877            }
878            return converter;
879        }
880
881        return lookup(targetType);
882
883    }
884
885    /**
886     * Register a custom {@link Converter} for the specified destination
887     * <code>Class</code>, replacing any previously registered Converter.
888     *
889     * @param converter Converter to be registered
890     * @param clazz Destination class for conversions performed by this
891     *  Converter
892     */
893    public void register(final Converter converter, final Class<?> clazz) {
894
895        converters.put(clazz, converter);
896
897    }
898}