001/*
002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
008 *
009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
010 *
011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
015 * limitations under the License.
016 */
017
018package org.apache.commons.codec.language.bm;
019
020import java.io.InputStream;
021import java.util.ArrayList;
022import java.util.Arrays;
023import java.util.Collections;
024import java.util.Comparator;
025import java.util.EnumMap;
026import java.util.HashMap;
027import java.util.HashSet;
028import java.util.List;
029import java.util.Map;
030import java.util.Scanner;
031import java.util.Set;
032import java.util.regex.Matcher;
033import java.util.regex.Pattern;
034
035import org.apache.commons.codec.language.bm.Languages.LanguageSet;
036
037/**
038 * A phoneme rule.
039 * <p>
040 * Rules have a pattern, left context, right context, output phoneme, set of languages for which they apply
041 * and a logical flag indicating if all languages must be in play. A rule matches if:
042 * <ul>
043 * <li>the pattern matches at the current position</li>
044 * <li>the string up until the beginning of the pattern matches the left context</li>
045 * <li>the string from the end of the pattern matches the right context</li>
046 * <li>logical is ALL and all languages are in scope; or</li>
047 * <li>logical is any other value and at least one language is in scope</li>
048 * </ul>
049 * <p>
050 * Rules are typically generated by parsing rules resources. In normal use, there will be no need for the user
051 * to explicitly construct their own.
052 * <p>
053 * Rules are immutable and thread-safe.
054 * <p>
055 * <b>Rules resources</b>
056 * <p>
057 * Rules are typically loaded from resource files. These are UTF-8 encoded text files. They are systematically
058 * named following the pattern:
059 * <blockquote>org/apache/commons/codec/language/bm/${NameType#getName}_${RuleType#getName}_${language}.txt</blockquote>
060 * <p>
061 * The format of these resources is the following:
062 * <ul>
063 * <li><b>Rules:</b> whitespace separated, double-quoted strings. There should be 4 columns to each row, and these
064 * will be interpreted as:
065 * <ol>
066 * <li>pattern</li>
067 * <li>left context</li>
068 * <li>right context</li>
069 * <li>phoneme</li>
070 * </ol>
071 * </li>
072 * <li><b>End-of-line comments:</b> Any occurrence of '//' will cause all text following on that line to be discarded
073 * as a comment.</li>
074 * <li><b>Multi-line comments:</b> Any line starting with '/*' will start multi-line commenting mode. This will skip
075 * all content until a line ending in '*' and '/' is found.</li>
076 * <li><b>Blank lines:</b> All blank lines will be skipped.</li>
077 * </ul>
078 *
079 * @since 1.6
080 * @version $Id: Rule.Phoneme.html 928559 2014-11-10 02:53:54Z ggregory $
081 */
082public class Rule {
083
084    public static final class Phoneme implements PhonemeExpr {
085        public static final Comparator<Phoneme> COMPARATOR = new Comparator<Phoneme>() {
086            @Override
087            public int compare(final Phoneme o1, final Phoneme o2) {
088                for (int i = 0; i < o1.phonemeText.length(); i++) {
089                    if (i >= o2.phonemeText.length()) {
090                        return +1;
091                    }
092                    final int c = o1.phonemeText.charAt(i) - o2.phonemeText.charAt(i);
093                    if (c != 0) {
094                        return c;
095                    }
096                }
097
098                if (o1.phonemeText.length() < o2.phonemeText.length()) {
099                    return -1;
100                }
101
102                return 0;
103            }
104        };
105
106        private final StringBuilder phonemeText;
107        private final Languages.LanguageSet languages;
108
109        public Phoneme(final CharSequence phonemeText, final Languages.LanguageSet languages) {
110            this.phonemeText = new StringBuilder(phonemeText);
111            this.languages = languages;
112        }
113
114        public Phoneme(final Phoneme phonemeLeft, final Phoneme phonemeRight) {
115            this(phonemeLeft.phonemeText, phonemeLeft.languages);
116            this.phonemeText.append(phonemeRight.phonemeText);
117        }
118
119        public Phoneme(final Phoneme phonemeLeft, final Phoneme phonemeRight, final Languages.LanguageSet languages) {
120            this(phonemeLeft.phonemeText, languages);
121            this.phonemeText.append(phonemeRight.phonemeText);
122        }
123
124        public Phoneme append(final CharSequence str) {
125            this.phonemeText.append(str);
126            return this;
127        }
128
129        public Languages.LanguageSet getLanguages() {
130            return this.languages;
131        }
132
133        @Override
134        public Iterable<Phoneme> getPhonemes() {
135            return Collections.singleton(this);
136        }
137
138        public CharSequence getPhonemeText() {
139            return this.phonemeText;
140        }
141
142        /**
143         * Deprecated since 1.9.
144         *
145         * @param right the Phoneme to join
146         * @return a new Phoneme
147         * @deprecated since 1.9
148         */
149        @Deprecated
150        public Phoneme join(final Phoneme right) {
151            return new Phoneme(this.phonemeText.toString() + right.phonemeText.toString(),
152                               this.languages.restrictTo(right.languages));
153        }
154
155        /**
156         * Returns a new Phoneme with the same text but a union of its
157         * current language set and the given one.
158         *
159         * @param lang the language set to merge
160         * @return a new Phoneme
161         */
162        public Phoneme mergeWithLanguage(final LanguageSet lang) {
163          return new Phoneme(this.phonemeText.toString(), this.languages.merge(lang));
164        }
165
166        @Override
167        public String toString() {
168          return phonemeText.toString() + "[" + languages + "]";
169        }
170    }
171
172    public interface PhonemeExpr {
173        Iterable<Phoneme> getPhonemes();
174    }
175
176    public static final class PhonemeList implements PhonemeExpr {
177        private final List<Phoneme> phonemes;
178
179        public PhonemeList(final List<Phoneme> phonemes) {
180            this.phonemes = phonemes;
181        }
182
183        @Override
184        public List<Phoneme> getPhonemes() {
185            return this.phonemes;
186        }
187    }
188
189    /**
190     * A minimal wrapper around the functionality of Pattern that we use, to allow for alternate implementations.
191     */
192    public interface RPattern {
193        boolean isMatch(CharSequence input);
194    }
195
196    public static final RPattern ALL_STRINGS_RMATCHER = new RPattern() {
197        @Override
198        public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
199            return true;
200        }
201    };
202
203    public static final String ALL = "ALL";
204
205    private static final String DOUBLE_QUOTE = "\"";
206
207    private static final String HASH_INCLUDE = "#include";
208
209    private static final Map<NameType, Map<RuleType, Map<String, Map<String, List<Rule>>>>> RULES =
210            new EnumMap<NameType, Map<RuleType, Map<String, Map<String, List<Rule>>>>>(NameType.class);
211
212    static {
213        for (final NameType s : NameType.values()) {
214            final Map<RuleType, Map<String, Map<String, List<Rule>>>> rts =
215                    new EnumMap<RuleType, Map<String, Map<String, List<Rule>>>>(RuleType.class);
216
217            for (final RuleType rt : RuleType.values()) {
218                final Map<String, Map<String, List<Rule>>> rs = new HashMap<String, Map<String, List<Rule>>>();
219
220                final Languages ls = Languages.getInstance(s);
221                for (final String l : ls.getLanguages()) {
222                    try {
223                        rs.put(l, parseRules(createScanner(s, rt, l), createResourceName(s, rt, l)));
224                    } catch (final IllegalStateException e) {
225                        throw new IllegalStateException("Problem processing " + createResourceName(s, rt, l), e);
226                    }
227                }
228                if (!rt.equals(RuleType.RULES)) {
229                    rs.put("common", parseRules(createScanner(s, rt, "common"), createResourceName(s, rt, "common")));
230                }
231
232                rts.put(rt, Collections.unmodifiableMap(rs));
233            }
234
235            RULES.put(s, Collections.unmodifiableMap(rts));
236        }
237    }
238
239    private static boolean contains(final CharSequence chars, final char input) {
240        for (int i = 0; i < chars.length(); i++) {
241            if (chars.charAt(i) == input) {
242                return true;
243            }
244        }
245        return false;
246    }
247
248    private static String createResourceName(final NameType nameType, final RuleType rt, final String lang) {
249        return String.format("org/apache/commons/codec/language/bm/%s_%s_%s.txt",
250                             nameType.getName(), rt.getName(), lang);
251    }
252
253    private static Scanner createScanner(final NameType nameType, final RuleType rt, final String lang) {
254        final String resName = createResourceName(nameType, rt, lang);
255        final InputStream rulesIS = Languages.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(resName);
256
257        if (rulesIS == null) {
258            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load resource: " + resName);
259        }
260
261        return new Scanner(rulesIS, ResourceConstants.ENCODING);
262    }
263
264    private static Scanner createScanner(final String lang) {
265        final String resName = String.format("org/apache/commons/codec/language/bm/%s.txt", lang);
266        final InputStream rulesIS = Languages.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(resName);
267
268        if (rulesIS == null) {
269            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load resource: " + resName);
270        }
271
272        return new Scanner(rulesIS, ResourceConstants.ENCODING);
273    }
274
275    private static boolean endsWith(final CharSequence input, final CharSequence suffix) {
276        if (suffix.length() > input.length()) {
277            return false;
278        }
279        for (int i = input.length() - 1, j = suffix.length() - 1; j >= 0; i--, j--) {
280            if (input.charAt(i) != suffix.charAt(j)) {
281                return false;
282            }
283        }
284        return true;
285    }
286
287    /**
288     * Gets rules for a combination of name type, rule type and languages.
289     *
290     * @param nameType
291     *            the NameType to consider
292     * @param rt
293     *            the RuleType to consider
294     * @param langs
295     *            the set of languages to consider
296     * @return a list of Rules that apply
297     */
298    public static List<Rule> getInstance(final NameType nameType, final RuleType rt,
299                                         final Languages.LanguageSet langs) {
300        final Map<String, List<Rule>> ruleMap = getInstanceMap(nameType, rt, langs);
301        final List<Rule> allRules = new ArrayList<Rule>();
302        for (final List<Rule> rules : ruleMap.values()) {
303            allRules.addAll(rules);
304        }
305        return allRules;
306    }
307
308    /**
309     * Gets rules for a combination of name type, rule type and a single language.
310     *
311     * @param nameType
312     *            the NameType to consider
313     * @param rt
314     *            the RuleType to consider
315     * @param lang
316     *            the language to consider
317     * @return a list of Rules that apply
318     */
319    public static List<Rule> getInstance(final NameType nameType, final RuleType rt, final String lang) {
320        return getInstance(nameType, rt, LanguageSet.from(new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(lang))));
321    }
322
323    /**
324     * Gets rules for a combination of name type, rule type and languages.
325     *
326     * @param nameType
327     *            the NameType to consider
328     * @param rt
329     *            the RuleType to consider
330     * @param langs
331     *            the set of languages to consider
332     * @return a map containing all Rules that apply, grouped by the first character of the rule pattern
333     * @since 1.9
334     */
335    public static Map<String, List<Rule>> getInstanceMap(final NameType nameType, final RuleType rt,
336                                                         final Languages.LanguageSet langs) {
337        return langs.isSingleton() ? getInstanceMap(nameType, rt, langs.getAny()) :
338                                     getInstanceMap(nameType, rt, Languages.ANY);
339    }
340
341    /**
342     * Gets rules for a combination of name type, rule type and a single language.
343     *
344     * @param nameType
345     *            the NameType to consider
346     * @param rt
347     *            the RuleType to consider
348     * @param lang
349     *            the language to consider
350     * @return a map containing all Rules that apply, grouped by the first character of the rule pattern
351     * @since 1.9
352     */
353    public static Map<String, List<Rule>> getInstanceMap(final NameType nameType, final RuleType rt,
354                                                         final String lang) {
355        final Map<String, List<Rule>> rules = RULES.get(nameType).get(rt).get(lang);
356
357        if (rules == null) {
358            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("No rules found for %s, %s, %s.",
359                                               nameType.getName(), rt.getName(), lang));
360        }
361
362        return rules;
363    }
364
365    private static Phoneme parsePhoneme(final String ph) {
366        final int open = ph.indexOf("[");
367        if (open >= 0) {
368            if (!ph.endsWith("]")) {
369                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Phoneme expression contains a '[' but does not end in ']'");
370            }
371            final String before = ph.substring(0, open);
372            final String in = ph.substring(open + 1, ph.length() - 1);
373            final Set<String> langs = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(in.split("[+]")));
374
375            return new Phoneme(before, Languages.LanguageSet.from(langs));
376        } else {
377            return new Phoneme(ph, Languages.ANY_LANGUAGE);
378        }
379    }
380
381    private static PhonemeExpr parsePhonemeExpr(final String ph) {
382        if (ph.startsWith("(")) { // we have a bracketed list of options
383            if (!ph.endsWith(")")) {
384                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Phoneme starts with '(' so must end with ')'");
385            }
386
387            final List<Phoneme> phs = new ArrayList<Phoneme>();
388            final String body = ph.substring(1, ph.length() - 1);
389            for (final String part : body.split("[|]")) {
390                phs.add(parsePhoneme(part));
391            }
392            if (body.startsWith("|") || body.endsWith("|")) {
393                phs.add(new Phoneme("", Languages.ANY_LANGUAGE));
394            }
395
396            return new PhonemeList(phs);
397        } else {
398            return parsePhoneme(ph);
399        }
400    }
401
402    private static Map<String, List<Rule>> parseRules(final Scanner scanner, final String location) {
403        final Map<String, List<Rule>> lines = new HashMap<String, List<Rule>>();
404        int currentLine = 0;
405
406        boolean inMultilineComment = false;
407        while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
408            currentLine++;
409            final String rawLine = scanner.nextLine();
410            String line = rawLine;
411
412            if (inMultilineComment) {
413                if (line.endsWith(ResourceConstants.EXT_CMT_END)) {
414                    inMultilineComment = false;
415                }
416            } else {
417                if (line.startsWith(ResourceConstants.EXT_CMT_START)) {
418                    inMultilineComment = true;
419                } else {
420                    // discard comments
421                    final int cmtI = line.indexOf(ResourceConstants.CMT);
422                    if (cmtI >= 0) {
423                        line = line.substring(0, cmtI);
424                    }
425
426                    // trim leading-trailing whitespace
427                    line = line.trim();
428
429                    if (line.length() == 0) {
430                        continue; // empty lines can be safely skipped
431                    }
432
433                    if (line.startsWith(HASH_INCLUDE)) {
434                        // include statement
435                        final String incl = line.substring(HASH_INCLUDE.length()).trim();
436                        if (incl.contains(" ")) {
437                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Malformed import statement '" + rawLine + "' in " +
438                                                               location);
439                        } else {
440                            lines.putAll(parseRules(createScanner(incl), location + "->" + incl));
441                        }
442                    } else {
443                        // rule
444                        final String[] parts = line.split("\\s+");
445                        if (parts.length != 4) {
446                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Malformed rule statement split into " + parts.length +
447                                                               " parts: " + rawLine + " in " + location);
448                        } else {
449                            try {
450                                final String pat = stripQuotes(parts[0]);
451                                final String lCon = stripQuotes(parts[1]);
452                                final String rCon = stripQuotes(parts[2]);
453                                final PhonemeExpr ph = parsePhonemeExpr(stripQuotes(parts[3]));
454                                final int cLine = currentLine;
455                                final Rule r = new Rule(pat, lCon, rCon, ph) {
456                                    private final int myLine = cLine;
457                                    private final String loc = location;
458
459                                    @Override
460                                    public String toString() {
461                                        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
462                                        sb.append("Rule");
463                                        sb.append("{line=").append(myLine);
464                                        sb.append(", loc='").append(loc).append('\'');
465                                        sb.append(", pat='").append(pat).append('\'');
466                                        sb.append(", lcon='").append(lCon).append('\'');
467                                        sb.append(", rcon='").append(rCon).append('\'');
468                                        sb.append('}');
469                                        return sb.toString();
470                                    }
471                                };
472                                final String patternKey = r.pattern.substring(0,1);
473                                List<Rule> rules = lines.get(patternKey);
474                                if (rules == null) {
475                                    rules = new ArrayList<Rule>();
476                                    lines.put(patternKey, rules);
477                                }
478                                rules.add(r);
479                            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
480                                throw new IllegalStateException("Problem parsing line '" + currentLine + "' in " +
481                                                                location, e);
482                            }
483                        }
484                    }
485                }
486            }
487        }
488
489        return lines;
490    }
491
492    /**
493     * Attempts to compile the regex into direct string ops, falling back to Pattern and Matcher in the worst case.
494     *
495     * @param regex
496     *            the regular expression to compile
497     * @return an RPattern that will match this regex
498     */
499    private static RPattern pattern(final String regex) {
500        final boolean startsWith = regex.startsWith("^");
501        final boolean endsWith = regex.endsWith("$");
502        final String content = regex.substring(startsWith ? 1 : 0, endsWith ? regex.length() - 1 : regex.length());
503        final boolean boxes = content.contains("[");
504
505        if (!boxes) {
506            if (startsWith && endsWith) {
507                // exact match
508                if (content.length() == 0) {
509                    // empty
510                    return new RPattern() {
511                        @Override
512                        public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
513                            return input.length() == 0;
514                        }
515                    };
516                } else {
517                    return new RPattern() {
518                        @Override
519                        public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
520                            return input.equals(content);
521                        }
522                    };
523                }
524            } else if ((startsWith || endsWith) && content.length() == 0) {
525                // matches every string
526                return ALL_STRINGS_RMATCHER;
527            } else if (startsWith) {
528                // matches from start
529                return new RPattern() {
530                    @Override
531                    public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
532                        return startsWith(input, content);
533                    }
534                };
535            } else if (endsWith) {
536                // matches from start
537                return new RPattern() {
538                    @Override
539                    public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
540                        return endsWith(input, content);
541                    }
542                };
543            }
544        } else {
545            final boolean startsWithBox = content.startsWith("[");
546            final boolean endsWithBox = content.endsWith("]");
547
548            if (startsWithBox && endsWithBox) {
549                String boxContent = content.substring(1, content.length() - 1);
550                if (!boxContent.contains("[")) {
551                    // box containing alternatives
552                    final boolean negate = boxContent.startsWith("^");
553                    if (negate) {
554                        boxContent = boxContent.substring(1);
555                    }
556                    final String bContent = boxContent;
557                    final boolean shouldMatch = !negate;
558
559                    if (startsWith && endsWith) {
560                        // exact match
561                        return new RPattern() {
562                            @Override
563                            public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
564                                return input.length() == 1 && contains(bContent, input.charAt(0)) == shouldMatch;
565                            }
566                        };
567                    } else if (startsWith) {
568                        // first char
569                        return new RPattern() {
570                            @Override
571                            public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
572                                return input.length() > 0 && contains(bContent, input.charAt(0)) == shouldMatch;
573                            }
574                        };
575                    } else if (endsWith) {
576                        // last char
577                        return new RPattern() {
578                            @Override
579                            public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
580                                return input.length() > 0 &&
581                                       contains(bContent, input.charAt(input.length() - 1)) == shouldMatch;
582                            }
583                        };
584                    }
585                }
586            }
587        }
588
589        return new RPattern() {
590            Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex);
591
592            @Override
593            public boolean isMatch(final CharSequence input) {
594                final Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(input);
595                return matcher.find();
596            }
597        };
598    }
599
600    private static boolean startsWith(final CharSequence input, final CharSequence prefix) {
601        if (prefix.length() > input.length()) {
602            return false;
603        }
604        for (int i = 0; i < prefix.length(); i++) {
605            if (input.charAt(i) != prefix.charAt(i)) {
606                return false;
607            }
608        }
609        return true;
610    }
611
612    private static String stripQuotes(String str) {
613        if (str.startsWith(DOUBLE_QUOTE)) {
614            str = str.substring(1);
615        }
616
617        if (str.endsWith(DOUBLE_QUOTE)) {
618            str = str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
619        }
620
621        return str;
622    }
623
624    private final RPattern lContext;
625
626    private final String pattern;
627
628    private final PhonemeExpr phoneme;
629
630    private final RPattern rContext;
631
632    /**
633     * Creates a new rule.
634     *
635     * @param pattern
636     *            the pattern
637     * @param lContext
638     *            the left context
639     * @param rContext
640     *            the right context
641     * @param phoneme
642     *            the resulting phoneme
643     */
644    public Rule(final String pattern, final String lContext, final String rContext, final PhonemeExpr phoneme) {
645        this.pattern = pattern;
646        this.lContext = pattern(lContext + "$");
647        this.rContext = pattern("^" + rContext);
648        this.phoneme = phoneme;
649    }
650
651    /**
652     * Gets the left context. This is a regular expression that must match to the left of the pattern.
653     *
654     * @return the left context Pattern
655     */
656    public RPattern getLContext() {
657        return this.lContext;
658    }
659
660    /**
661     * Gets the pattern. This is a string-literal that must exactly match.
662     *
663     * @return the pattern
664     */
665    public String getPattern() {
666        return this.pattern;
667    }
668
669    /**
670     * Gets the phoneme. If the rule matches, this is the phoneme associated with the pattern match.
671     *
672     * @return the phoneme
673     */
674    public PhonemeExpr getPhoneme() {
675        return this.phoneme;
676    }
677
678    /**
679     * Gets the right context. This is a regular expression that must match to the right of the pattern.
680     *
681     * @return the right context Pattern
682     */
683    public RPattern getRContext() {
684        return this.rContext;
685    }
686
687    /**
688     * Decides if the pattern and context match the input starting at a position. It is a match if the
689     * <code>lContext</code> matches <code>input</code> up to <code>i</code>, <code>pattern</code> matches at i and
690     * <code>rContext</code> matches from the end of the match of <code>pattern</code> to the end of <code>input</code>.
691     *
692     * @param input
693     *            the input String
694     * @param i
695     *            the int position within the input
696     * @return true if the pattern and left/right context match, false otherwise
697     */
698    public boolean patternAndContextMatches(final CharSequence input, final int i) {
699        if (i < 0) {
700            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Can not match pattern at negative indexes");
701        }
702
703        final int patternLength = this.pattern.length();
704        final int ipl = i + patternLength;
705
706        if (ipl > input.length()) {
707            // not enough room for the pattern to match
708            return false;
709        }
710
711        // evaluate the pattern, left context and right context
712        // fail early if any of the evaluations is not successful
713        if (!input.subSequence(i, ipl).equals(this.pattern)) {
714            return false;
715        } else if (!this.rContext.isMatch(input.subSequence(ipl, input.length()))) {
716            return false;
717        }
718        return this.lContext.isMatch(input.subSequence(0, i));
719    }
720}