/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.configuration2.convert;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;

import org.apache.commons.configuration2.ex.ConversionException;
import org.apache.commons.configuration2.interpol.ConfigurationInterpolator;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;

/**
 * <p>
 * A default implementation of the {@code ConversionHandler} interface.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * This class implements the standard data type conversions as used by {@code AbstractConfiguration} and derived
 * classes. There is a central conversion method - {@code convert()} - for converting a passed in object to a given
 * target class. The basic implementation already handles a bunch of standard data type conversions. If other
 * conversions are to be supported, this method can be overridden.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * The object passed to {@code convert()} can be a single value or a complex object (like an array, a collection, etc.)
 * containing multiple values. It lies in the responsibility of {@code convert()} to deal with such complex objects. The
 * implementation provided by this class tries to extract the first child element and then delegates to
 * {@code convertValue()} which does the actual conversion.
 * </p>
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public class DefaultConversionHandler implements ConversionHandler {

    /**
     * A default instance of this class. Because an instance of this class can be shared between arbitrary objects it is
     * possible to make use of this default instance anywhere.
     */
    public static final DefaultConversionHandler INSTANCE = new DefaultConversionHandler();

    /** The default format for dates. */
    public static final String DEFAULT_DATE_FORMAT = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";

    /**
     * Constant for a default {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} to be used if none is provided by the caller.
     */
    private static final ConfigurationInterpolator NULL_INTERPOLATOR = new ConfigurationInterpolator() {
        @Override
        public Object interpolate(final Object value) {
            return value;
        }
    };

    /** The default {@link ListDelimiterHandler} used for extracting values from complex objects. */
    static final ListDelimiterHandler LIST_DELIMITER_HANDLER = DisabledListDelimiterHandler.INSTANCE;

    /**
     * Obtains a {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}. If the passed in one is not <b>null</b>, it is used. Otherwise, a
     * default one is returned.
     *
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} provided by the caller
     * @return the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} to be used
     */
    private static ConfigurationInterpolator fetchInterpolator(final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        return ci != null ? ci : NULL_INTERPOLATOR;
    }

    /** The current date format. */
    private volatile String dateFormat;

    /** The default {@link ListDelimiterHandler} used for extracting values from complex objects. */
    private volatile ListDelimiterHandler listDelimiterHandler = DisabledListDelimiterHandler.INSTANCE;

    /**
     * Performs the conversion from the passed in source object to the specified target class. This method is called for
     * each conversion to be done. The source object has already been passed to the {@link ConfigurationInterpolator}, so
     * interpolation does not have to be done again. (The passed in {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} may still be necessary
     * for extracting values from complex objects; it is guaranteed to be non <b>null</b>.) The source object may be a
     * complex object, e.g. a collection or an array. This base implementation checks whether the source object is complex.
     * If so, it delegates to {@link #extractConversionValue(Object, Class, ConfigurationInterpolator)} to obtain a single
     * value. Eventually, {@link #convertValue(Object, Class, ConfigurationInterpolator)} is called with the single value to
     * be converted.
     *
     * @param <T> the desired target type of the conversion
     * @param src the source object to be converted
     * @param targetCls the desired target class
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} (not <b>null</b>)
     * @return the converted value
     * @throws ConversionException if conversion is not possible
     */
    protected <T> T convert(final Object src, final Class<T> targetCls, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        final Object conversionSrc = isComplexObject(src) ? extractConversionValue(src, targetCls, ci) : src;
        return convertValue(ci.interpolate(conversionSrc), targetCls, ci);
    }

    /**
     * Helper method for converting all values of a source object and storing them in a collection.
     *
     * @param <T> the target type of the conversion
     * @param src the source object
     * @param elemClass the target class of the conversion
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}
     * @param dest the collection in which to store the results
     * @throws ConversionException if a conversion cannot be performed
     */
    private <T> void convertToCollection(final Object src, final Class<T> elemClass, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci, final Collection<T> dest) {
        extractValues(ci.interpolate(src)).forEach(o -> dest.add(convert(o, elemClass, ci)));
    }

    /**
     * Performs a conversion of a single value to the specified target class. The passed in source object is guaranteed to
     * be a single value, but it can be <b>null</b>. Derived classes that want to extend the available conversions, but are
     * happy with the handling of complex objects, just need to override this method.
     *
     * @param <T> the desired target type of the conversion
     * @param src the source object (a single value)
     * @param targetCls the target class of the conversion
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} (not <b>null</b>)
     * @return the converted value
     * @throws ConversionException if conversion is not possible
     */
    protected <T> T convertValue(final Object src, final Class<T> targetCls, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        if (src == null) {
            return null;
        }

        // This is a safe cast because PropertyConverter either returns an
        // object of the correct class or throws an exception.
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        final T result = (T) PropertyConverter.to(targetCls, src, this);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Extracts a single value from a complex object. This method is called by {@code convert()} if the source object is
     * complex. This implementation extracts the first value from the complex object and returns it.
     *
     * @param container the complex object
     * @param targetCls the target class of the conversion
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} (not <b>null</b>)
     * @return the value to be converted (may be <b>null</b> if no values are found)
     */
    protected Object extractConversionValue(final Object container, final Class<?> targetCls, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        final Collection<?> values = extractValues(container, 1);
        return values.isEmpty() ? null : ci.interpolate(values.iterator().next());
    }

    /**
     * Extracts all values contained in the given source object and returns them as a flat collection.
     *
     * @param source the source object (may be a single value or a complex object)
     * @return a collection with all extracted values
     */
    protected Collection<?> extractValues(final Object source) {
        return extractValues(source, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    /**
     * Extracts a maximum number of values contained in the given source object and returns them as flat collection. This
     * method is useful if the caller only needs a subset of values, e.g. only the first one.
     *
     * @param source the source object (may be a single value or a complex object)
     * @param limit the number of elements to extract
     * @return a collection with all extracted values
     */
    protected Collection<?> extractValues(final Object source, final int limit) {
        return listDelimiterHandler.flatten(source, limit);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the date format used by this conversion handler.
     *
     * @return the date format
     */
    public String getDateFormat() {
        final String fmt = dateFormat;
        return fmt != null ? fmt : DEFAULT_DATE_FORMAT;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the {@link ListDelimiterHandler} used for extracting values from complex objects.
     *
     * @return the {@link ListDelimiterHandler} used for extracting values from complex objects, never null.
     * @since 2.9.0
     */
    public ListDelimiterHandler getListDelimiterHandler() {
        return listDelimiterHandler;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the passed in object is complex (which means that it contains multiple values). This method is called
     * by {@link #convert(Object, Class, ConfigurationInterpolator)} to figure out whether a actions are required to extract
     * a single value from a complex source object. This implementation considers the following objects as complex:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code Iterable} objects</li>
     * <li>{@code Iterator} objects</li>
     * <li>Arrays</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param src the source object
     * @return <b>true</b> if this is a complex object, <b>false</b> otherwise
     */
    protected boolean isComplexObject(final Object src) {
        return src instanceof Iterator<?> || src instanceof Iterable<?> || src != null && src.getClass().isArray();
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the passed in object represents an empty element. This method is called by conversion methods to arrays
     * or collections. If it returns <b>true</b>, the resulting array or collection will be empty. This implementation
     * returns <b>true</b> if and only if the passed in object is an empty string. With this method it can be controlled if
     * and how empty elements in configurations are handled.
     *
     * @param src the object to be tested
     * @return a flag whether this object is an empty element
     */
    protected boolean isEmptyElement(final Object src) {
        return src instanceof CharSequence && ((CharSequence) src).length() == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the date format to be used by this conversion handler. This format is applied by conversions to {@code Date} or
     * {@code Calendar} objects. The string is passed to the {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} class, so it must be
     * compatible with this class. If no date format has been set, a default format is used.
     *
     * @param dateFormat the date format string
     * @see #DEFAULT_DATE_FORMAT
     */
    public void setDateFormat(final String dateFormat) {
        this.dateFormat = dateFormat;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the {@link ListDelimiterHandler} used for extracting values from complex objects.
     *
     * @param listDelimiterHandler the {@link ListDelimiterHandler} used for extracting values from complex objects. Setting
     *        the value to null resets the value to its default.
     * @since 2.9.0
     */
    public void setListDelimiterHandler(final ListDelimiterHandler listDelimiterHandler) {
        this.listDelimiterHandler = listDelimiterHandler != null ? listDelimiterHandler : LIST_DELIMITER_HANDLER;
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T to(final Object src, final Class<T> targetCls, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        final ConfigurationInterpolator interpolator = fetchInterpolator(ci);
        return convert(interpolator.interpolate(src), targetCls, interpolator);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc} This implementation extracts all values stored in the passed in source object, converts them to the
     * target type, and adds them to a result array. Arrays of objects and of primitive types are supported. If the source
     * object is <b>null</b>, result is <b>null</b>, too.
     */
    @Override
    public Object toArray(final Object src, final Class<?> elemClass, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        if (src == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (isEmptyElement(src)) {
            return Array.newInstance(elemClass, 0);
        }

        final ConfigurationInterpolator interpolator = fetchInterpolator(ci);
        return elemClass.isPrimitive() ? toPrimitiveArray(src, elemClass, interpolator) : toObjectArray(src, elemClass, interpolator);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc} This implementation extracts all values stored in the passed in source object, converts them to the
     * target type, and adds them to the target collection. The target collection must not be <b>null</b>. If the source
     * object is <b>null</b>, nothing is added to the collection.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the target collection is <b>null</b>
     */
    @Override
    public <T> void toCollection(final Object src, final Class<T> elemClass, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci, final Collection<T> dest) {
        if (dest == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Target collection must not be null!");
        }

        if (src != null && !isEmptyElement(src)) {
            convertToCollection(src, elemClass, fetchInterpolator(ci), dest);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts the given source object to an array of objects.
     *
     * @param src the source object
     * @param elemClass the element class of the array
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}
     * @return the result array
     * @throws ConversionException if a conversion cannot be performed
     */
    private <T> T[] toObjectArray(final Object src, final Class<T> elemClass, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        final Collection<T> convertedCol = new LinkedList<>();
        convertToCollection(src, elemClass, ci, convertedCol);
        // Safe to cast because the element class is specified
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        final T[] result = (T[]) Array.newInstance(elemClass, convertedCol.size());
        return convertedCol.toArray(result);
    }

    /**
     * Converts the given source object to an array of a primitive type. This method performs some checks whether the source
     * object is already an array of the correct type or a corresponding wrapper type. If not, all values are extracted,
     * converted one by one, and stored in a newly created array.
     *
     * @param src the source object
     * @param elemClass the element class of the array
     * @param ci the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}
     * @return the result array
     * @throws ConversionException if a conversion cannot be performed
     */
    private Object toPrimitiveArray(final Object src, final Class<?> elemClass, final ConfigurationInterpolator ci) {
        if (src.getClass().isArray()) {
            if (src.getClass().getComponentType().equals(elemClass)) {
                return src;
            }

            if (src.getClass().getComponentType().equals(ClassUtils.primitiveToWrapper(elemClass))) {
                // the value is an array of the wrapper type derived from the
                // specified primitive type
                final int length = Array.getLength(src);
                final Object array = Array.newInstance(elemClass, length);

                for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                    Array.set(array, i, Array.get(src, i));
                }
                return array;
            }
        }

        final Collection<?> values = extractValues(src);
        final Class<?> targetClass = ClassUtils.primitiveToWrapper(elemClass);
        final Object array = Array.newInstance(elemClass, values.size());
        int idx = 0;
        for (final Object value : values) {
            Array.set(array, idx++, convertValue(ci.interpolate(value), targetClass, ci));
        }
        return array;
    }
}