/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.configuration2.interpol;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
import java.util.function.Function;

import org.apache.commons.text.StringSubstitutor;

/**
 * <p>
 * A class that handles interpolation (variable substitution) for configuration objects.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Each instance of {@code AbstractConfiguration} is associated with an object of this class. All interpolation tasks
 * are delegated to this object.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} internally uses the {@code StringSubstitutor} class from
 * <a href="https://commons.apache.org/text">Commons Text</a>. Thus it supports the same syntax of variable expressions.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * The basic idea of this class is that it can maintain a set of primitive {@link Lookup} objects, each of which is
 * identified by a special prefix. The variables to be processed have the form {@code ${prefix:name}}.
 * {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} will extract the prefix and determine, which primitive lookup object is registered
 * for it. Then the name of the variable is passed to this object to obtain the actual value. It is also possible to
 * define an arbitrary number of default lookup objects, which are used for variables that do not have a prefix or that
 * cannot be resolved by their associated lookup object. When adding default lookup objects their order matters; they
 * are queried in this order, and the first non-<b>null</b> variable value is used.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * After an instance has been created it does not contain any {@code Lookup} objects. The current set of lookup objects
 * can be modified using the {@code registerLookup()} and {@code deregisterLookup()} methods. Default lookup objects
 * (that are invoked for variables without a prefix) can be added or removed with the {@code addDefaultLookup()} and
 * {@code removeDefaultLookup()} methods respectively. (When a {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} instance is created by
 * a configuration object, a default lookup object is added pointing to the configuration itself, so that variables are
 * resolved using the configuration's properties.)
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * The default usage scenario is that on a fully initialized instance the {@code interpolate()} method is called. It is
 * passed an object value which may contain variables. All these variables are substituted if they can be resolved. The
 * result is the passed in value with variables replaced. Alternatively, the {@code resolve()} method can be called to
 * obtain the values of specific variables without performing interpolation.
 * </p>
 * <p><strong>String Conversion</strong></p>
 * <p>
 * When variables are part of larger interpolated strings, the variable values, which can be of any type, must be
 * converted to strings to produce the full result. Each interpolator instance has a configurable
 * {@link #setStringConverter(Function) string converter} to perform this conversion. The default implementation of this
 * function simply uses the value's {@code toString} method in the majority of cases. However, for maximum
 * consistency with
 * {@link org.apache.commons.configuration2.convert.DefaultConversionHandler DefaultConversionHandler}, when a variable
 * value is a container type (such as a collection or array), then only the first element of the container is converted
 * to a string instead of the container itself. For example, if the variable {@code x} resolves to the integer array
 * {@code [1, 2, 3]}, then the string <code>"my value = ${x}"</code> will by default be interpolated to
 * {@code "my value = 1"}.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * <strong>Implementation note:</strong> This class is thread-safe. Lookup objects can be added or removed at any time
 * concurrent to interpolation operations.
 * </p>
 *
 * @since 1.4
 */
public class ConfigurationInterpolator {

    /**
     * Name of the system property used to determine the lookups added by the
     * {@link #getDefaultPrefixLookups()} method. Use of this property is only required
     * in cases where the set of default lookups must be modified.
     *
     * @since 2.8.0
     */
    public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX_LOOKUPS_PROPERTY =
            "org.apache.commons.configuration2.interpol.ConfigurationInterpolator.defaultPrefixLookups";

    /** Constant for the prefix separator. */
    private static final char PREFIX_SEPARATOR = ':';

    /** The variable prefix. */
    private static final String VAR_START = "${";

    /** The length of {@link #VAR_START}. */
    private static final int VAR_START_LENGTH = VAR_START.length();

    /** The variable suffix. */
    private static final String VAR_END = "}";

    /** The length of {@link #VAR_END}. */
    private static final int VAR_END_LENGTH = VAR_END.length();

    /** A map with the currently registered lookup objects. */
    private final Map<String, Lookup> prefixLookups;

    /** Stores the default lookup objects. */
    private final List<Lookup> defaultLookups;

    /** The helper object performing variable substitution. */
    private final StringSubstitutor substitutor;

    /** Stores a parent interpolator objects if the interpolator is nested hierarchically. */
    private volatile ConfigurationInterpolator parentInterpolator;

    /** Function used to convert interpolated values to strings. */
    private volatile Function<Object, String> stringConverter = DefaultStringConverter.INSTANCE;

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}.
     */
    public ConfigurationInterpolator() {
        prefixLookups = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
        defaultLookups = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
        substitutor = initSubstitutor();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance based on the properties in the given specification object.
     *
     * @param spec the {@code InterpolatorSpecification}
     * @return the newly created instance
     */
    private static ConfigurationInterpolator createInterpolator(final InterpolatorSpecification spec) {
        final ConfigurationInterpolator ci = new ConfigurationInterpolator();
        ci.addDefaultLookups(spec.getDefaultLookups());
        ci.registerLookups(spec.getPrefixLookups());
        ci.setParentInterpolator(spec.getParentInterpolator());
        ci.setStringConverter(spec.getStringConverter());
        return ci;
    }

    /**
     * Extracts the variable name from a value that consists of a single variable.
     *
     * @param strValue the value
     * @return the extracted variable name
     */
    private static String extractVariableName(final String strValue) {
        return strValue.substring(VAR_START_LENGTH, strValue.length() - VAR_END_LENGTH);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} instance based on the passed in specification object. If the
     * {@code InterpolatorSpecification} already contains a {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} object, it is used directly.
     * Otherwise, a new instance is created and initialized with the properties stored in the specification.
     *
     * @param spec the {@code InterpolatorSpecification} (must not be <b>null</b>)
     * @return the {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} obtained or created based on the given specification
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specification is <b>null</b>
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static ConfigurationInterpolator fromSpecification(final InterpolatorSpecification spec) {
        if (spec == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("InterpolatorSpecification must not be null!");
        }
        return spec.getInterpolator() != null ? spec.getInterpolator() : createInterpolator(spec);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a map containing the default prefix lookups. Every configuration object derived from
     * {@code AbstractConfiguration} is by default initialized with a {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} containing
     * these {@code Lookup} objects and their prefixes. The map cannot be modified.
     *
     * <p>
     * All of the lookups present in the returned map are from {@link DefaultLookups}. However, not all of the
     * available lookups are included by default. Specifically, lookups that can execute code (e.g.,
     * {@link DefaultLookups#SCRIPT SCRIPT}) and those that can result in contact with remote servers (e.g.,
     * {@link DefaultLookups#URL URL} and {@link DefaultLookups#DNS DNS}) are not included. If this behavior
     * must be modified, users can define the {@value #DEFAULT_PREFIX_LOOKUPS_PROPERTY} system property
     * with a comma-separated list of {@link DefaultLookups} enum names to be included in the set of defaults.
     * For example, setting this system property to {@code "BASE64_ENCODER,ENVIRONMENT"} will only include the
     * {@link DefaultLookups#BASE64_ENCODER BASE64_ENCODER} and
     * {@link DefaultLookups#ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT} lookups. Setting the property to the empty string will
     * cause no defaults to be configured.
     * </p>
     *
     * <table>
     * <caption>Default Lookups</caption>
     * <tr>
     *  <th>Prefix</th>
     *  <th>Lookup</th>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"base64Decoder"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#BASE64_DECODER BASE64_DECODER}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"base64Encoder"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#BASE64_ENCODER BASE64_ENCODER}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"const"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#CONST CONST}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"date"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#DATE DATE}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"env"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"file"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#FILE FILE}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"java"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#JAVA JAVA}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"localhost"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#LOCAL_HOST LOCAL_HOST}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"properties"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#PROPERTIES PROPERTIES}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"resourceBundle"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#RESOURCE_BUNDLE RESOURCE_BUNDLE}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"sys"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#SYSTEM_PROPERTIES SYSTEM_PROPERTIES}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"urlDecoder"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#URL_DECODER URL_DECODER}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"urlEncoder"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#URL_ENCODER URL_ENCODER}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"xml"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#XML XML}</td>
     * </tr>
     * </table>
     *
     * <table>
     * <caption>Additional Lookups (not included by default)</caption>
     * <tr>
     *  <th>Prefix</th>
     *  <th>Lookup</th>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"dns"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#DNS DNS}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"url"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#URL URL}</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *  <td>"script"</td>
     *  <td>{@link DefaultLookups#SCRIPT SCRIPT}</td>
     * </tr>
     * </table>
     *
     * @return a map with the default prefix {@code Lookup} objects and their prefixes
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static Map<String, Lookup> getDefaultPrefixLookups() {
        return DefaultPrefixLookupsHolder.INSTANCE.getDefaultPrefixLookups();
    }

    /**
     * Utility method for obtaining a {@code Lookup} object in a safe way. This method always returns a non-<b>null</b>
     * {@code Lookup} object. If the passed in {@code Lookup} is not <b>null</b>, it is directly returned. Otherwise, result
     * is a dummy {@code Lookup} which does not provide any values.
     *
     * @param lookup the {@code Lookup} to check
     * @return a non-<b>null</b> {@code Lookup} object
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static Lookup nullSafeLookup(Lookup lookup) {
        if (lookup == null) {
            lookup = DummyLookup.INSTANCE;
        }
        return lookup;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a default {@code Lookup} object. Default {@code Lookup} objects are queried (in the order they were added) for
     * all variables without a special prefix. If no default {@code Lookup} objects are present, such variables won't be
     * processed.
     *
     * @param defaultLookup the default {@code Lookup} object to be added (must not be <b>null</b>)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the {@code Lookup} object is <b>null</b>
     */
    public void addDefaultLookup(final Lookup defaultLookup) {
        defaultLookups.add(defaultLookup);
    }

    /**
     * Adds all {@code Lookup} objects in the given collection as default lookups. The collection can be <b>null</b>, then
     * this method has no effect. It must not contain <b>null</b> entries.
     *
     * @param lookups the {@code Lookup} objects to be added as default lookups
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the collection contains a <b>null</b> entry
     */
    public void addDefaultLookups(final Collection<? extends Lookup> lookups) {
        if (lookups != null) {
            defaultLookups.addAll(lookups);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deregisters the {@code Lookup} object for the specified prefix at this instance. It will be removed from this
     * instance.
     *
     * @param prefix the variable prefix
     * @return a flag whether for this prefix a lookup object had been registered
     */
    public boolean deregisterLookup(final String prefix) {
        return prefixLookups.remove(prefix) != null;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the lookup object for the specified prefix. This method is called by the {@code lookup()} method. This
     * implementation will check whether a lookup object is registered for the given prefix. If not, a <b>null</b> lookup
     * object will be returned (never <b>null</b>).
     *
     * @param prefix the prefix
     * @return the lookup object to be used for this prefix
     */
    protected Lookup fetchLookupForPrefix(final String prefix) {
        return nullSafeLookup(prefixLookups.get(prefix));
    }

    /**
     * Gets a collection with the default {@code Lookup} objects added to this {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}. These
     * objects are not associated with a variable prefix. The returned list is a snapshot copy of the internal collection of
     * default lookups; so manipulating it does not affect this instance.
     *
     * @return the default lookup objects
     */
    public List<Lookup> getDefaultLookups() {
        return new ArrayList<>(defaultLookups);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a map with the currently registered {@code Lookup} objects and their prefixes. This is a snapshot copy of the
     * internally used map. So modifications of this map do not effect this instance.
     *
     * @return a copy of the map with the currently registered {@code Lookup} objects
     */
    public Map<String, Lookup> getLookups() {
        return new HashMap<>(prefixLookups);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the parent {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}.
     *
     * @return the parent {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} (can be <b>null</b>)
     */
    public ConfigurationInterpolator getParentInterpolator() {
        return this.parentInterpolator;
    }

    /**
     * Creates and initializes a {@code StringSubstitutor} object which is used for variable substitution. This
     * {@code StringSubstitutor} is assigned a specialized lookup object implementing the correct variable resolving
     * algorithm.
     *
     * @return the {@code StringSubstitutor} used by this object
     */
    private StringSubstitutor initSubstitutor() {
        return new StringSubstitutor(key -> {
            final Object value = resolve(key);
            return value != null
                ? stringConverter.apply(value)
                : null;
        });
    }

    /**
     * Performs interpolation of the passed in value. If the value is of type {@code String}, this method checks
     * whether it contains variables. If so, all variables are replaced by their current values (if possible). For
     * non string arguments, the value is returned without changes. In the special case where the value is a string
     * consisting of a single variable reference, the interpolated variable value is <em>not</em> converted to a
     * string before returning, so that callers can access the raw value. However, if the variable is part of a larger
     * interpolated string, then the variable value is converted to a string using the configured
     * {@link #getStringConverter() string converter}. (See the discussion on string conversion in the class
     * documentation for more details.)
     *
     * <p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
     * <p>
     * For the following examples, assume that the default string conversion function is in place and that the
     * variable {@code i} maps to the integer value {@code 42}.
     * </p>
     * <pre>
     *      interpolator.interpolate(1) &rarr; 1 // non-string argument returned unchanged
     *      interpolator.interpolate("${i}") &rarr; 42 // single variable value returned with raw type
     *      interpolator.interpolate("answer = ${i}") &rarr; "answer = 42" // variable value converted to string
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param value the value to be interpolated
     * @return the interpolated value
     */
    public Object interpolate(final Object value) {
        if (value instanceof String) {
            final String strValue = (String) value;
            if (isSingleVariable(strValue)) {
                final Object resolvedValue = resolveSingleVariable(strValue);
                if (resolvedValue != null && !(resolvedValue instanceof String)) {
                    // If the value is again a string, it needs no special
                    // treatment; it may also contain further variables which
                    // must be resolved; therefore, the default mechanism is
                    // applied.
                    return resolvedValue;
                }
            }
            return substitutor.replace(strValue);
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Sets a flag that variable names can contain other variables. If enabled, variable substitution is also done in
     * variable names.
     *
     * @return the substitution in variables flag
     */
    public boolean isEnableSubstitutionInVariables() {
        return substitutor.isEnableSubstitutionInVariables();
    }

    /** Gets the function used to convert interpolated values to strings.
     * @return function used to convert interpolated values to strings
     */
    public Function<Object, String> getStringConverter() {
        return stringConverter;
    }

    /** Sets the function used to convert interpolated values to strings. Pass
     * {@code null} to use the default conversion function.
     * @param stringConverter function used to convert interpolated values to strings
     *      or {@code null} to use the default conversion function
     */
    public void setStringConverter(final Function<Object, String> stringConverter) {
        this.stringConverter = stringConverter != null
                ? stringConverter
                : DefaultStringConverter.INSTANCE;
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether a value to be interpolated consists of single, simple variable reference, e.g.,
     * <code>${myvar}</code>. In this case, the variable is resolved directly without using the
     * {@code StringSubstitutor}.
     *
     * @param strValue the value to be interpolated
     * @return {@code true} if the value contains a single, simple variable reference
     */
    private boolean isSingleVariable(final String strValue) {
        return strValue.startsWith(VAR_START)
                && strValue.indexOf(VAR_END, VAR_START_LENGTH) == strValue.length() - VAR_END_LENGTH;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable set with the prefixes, for which {@code Lookup} objects are registered at this instance. This
     * means that variables with these prefixes can be processed.
     *
     * @return a set with the registered variable prefixes
     */
    public Set<String> prefixSet() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(prefixLookups.keySet());
    }

    /**
     * Registers the given {@code Lookup} object for the specified prefix at this instance. From now on this lookup object
     * will be used for variables that have the specified prefix.
     *
     * @param prefix the variable prefix (must not be <b>null</b>)
     * @param lookup the {@code Lookup} object to be used for this prefix (must not be <b>null</b>)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either the prefix or the {@code Lookup} object is <b>null</b>
     */
    public void registerLookup(final String prefix, final Lookup lookup) {
        if (prefix == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Prefix for lookup object must not be null!");
        }
        if (lookup == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Lookup object must not be null!");
        }
        prefixLookups.put(prefix, lookup);
    }

    /**
     * Registers all {@code Lookup} objects in the given map with their prefixes at this {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}.
     * Using this method multiple {@code Lookup} objects can be registered at once. If the passed in map is <b>null</b>,
     * this method does not have any effect.
     *
     * @param lookups the map with lookups to register (may be <b>null</b>)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the map contains <b>entries</b>
     */
    public void registerLookups(final Map<String, ? extends Lookup> lookups) {
        if (lookups != null) {
            prefixLookups.putAll(lookups);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes the specified {@code Lookup} object from the list of default {@code Lookup}s.
     *
     * @param lookup the {@code Lookup} object to be removed
     * @return a flag whether this {@code Lookup} object actually existed and was removed
     */
    public boolean removeDefaultLookup(final Lookup lookup) {
        return defaultLookups.remove(lookup);
    }

    /**
     * Resolves the specified variable. This implementation tries to extract a variable prefix from the given variable name
     * (the first colon (':') is used as prefix separator). It then passes the name of the variable with the prefix stripped
     * to the lookup object registered for this prefix. If no prefix can be found or if the associated lookup object cannot
     * resolve this variable, the default lookup objects are used. If this is not successful either and a parent
     * {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} is available, this object is asked to resolve the variable.
     *
     * @param var the name of the variable whose value is to be looked up which may contain a prefix.
     * @return the value of this variable or <b>null</b> if it cannot be resolved
     */
    public Object resolve(final String var) {
        if (var == null) {
            return null;
        }

        final int prefixPos = var.indexOf(PREFIX_SEPARATOR);
        if (prefixPos >= 0) {
            final String prefix = var.substring(0, prefixPos);
            final String name = var.substring(prefixPos + 1);
            final Object value = fetchLookupForPrefix(prefix).lookup(name);
            if (value != null) {
                return value;
            }
        }

        for (final Lookup lookup : defaultLookups) {
            final Object value = lookup.lookup(var);
            if (value != null) {
                return value;
            }
        }

        final ConfigurationInterpolator parent = getParentInterpolator();
        if (parent != null) {
            return getParentInterpolator().resolve(var);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Interpolates a string value that consists of a single variable.
     *
     * @param strValue the string to be interpolated
     * @return the resolved value or <b>null</b> if resolving failed
     */
    private Object resolveSingleVariable(final String strValue) {
        return resolve(extractVariableName(strValue));
    }

    /**
     * Sets the flag whether variable names can contain other variables. This flag corresponds to the
     * {@code enableSubstitutionInVariables} property of the underlying {@code StringSubstitutor} object.
     *
     * @param f the new value of the flag
     */
    public void setEnableSubstitutionInVariables(final boolean f) {
        substitutor.setEnableSubstitutionInVariables(f);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the parent {@code ConfigurationInterpolator}. This object is used if the {@code Lookup} objects registered at
     * this object cannot resolve a variable.
     *
     * @param parentInterpolator the parent {@code ConfigurationInterpolator} object (can be <b>null</b>)
     */
    public void setParentInterpolator(final ConfigurationInterpolator parentInterpolator) {
        this.parentInterpolator = parentInterpolator;
    }

    /**
     * Internal class used to construct the default {@link Lookup} map used by
     * {@link ConfigurationInterpolator#getDefaultPrefixLookups()}.
     */
    static final class DefaultPrefixLookupsHolder {

        /** Singleton instance, initialized with the system properties. */
        static final DefaultPrefixLookupsHolder INSTANCE = new DefaultPrefixLookupsHolder(System.getProperties());

        /** Default lookup map. */
        private final Map<String, Lookup> defaultLookups;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance initialized with the given properties.
         * @param props initialization properties
         */
        DefaultPrefixLookupsHolder(final Properties props) {
            final Map<String, Lookup> lookups =
                    props.containsKey(ConfigurationInterpolator.DEFAULT_PREFIX_LOOKUPS_PROPERTY)
                        ? parseLookups(props.getProperty(ConfigurationInterpolator.DEFAULT_PREFIX_LOOKUPS_PROPERTY))
                        : createDefaultLookups();

            defaultLookups = Collections.unmodifiableMap(lookups);
        }

        /**
         * Gets the default prefix lookups map.
         * @return default prefix lookups map
         */
        Map<String, Lookup> getDefaultPrefixLookups() {
            return defaultLookups;
        }

        /**
         * Create the lookup map used when the user has requested no customization.
         * @return default lookup map
         */
        private static Map<String, Lookup> createDefaultLookups() {
            final Map<String, Lookup> lookupMap = new HashMap<>();

            addLookup(DefaultLookups.BASE64_DECODER, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.BASE64_ENCODER, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.CONST, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.DATE, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.ENVIRONMENT, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.FILE, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.JAVA, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.LOCAL_HOST, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.PROPERTIES, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.RESOURCE_BUNDLE, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.SYSTEM_PROPERTIES, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.URL_DECODER, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.URL_ENCODER, lookupMap);
            addLookup(DefaultLookups.XML, lookupMap);

            return lookupMap;
        }

        /**
         * Constructs a lookup map by parsing the given string. The string is expected to contain
         * comma or space-separated names of values from the {@link DefaultLookups} enum.
         * @param str string to parse; not null
         * @return lookup map parsed from the given string
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the string does not contain a valid default lookup
         *      definition
         */
        private static Map<String, Lookup> parseLookups(final String str) {
            final Map<String, Lookup> lookupMap = new HashMap<>();

            try {
                for (final String lookupName : str.split("[\\s,]+")) {
                    if (!lookupName.isEmpty()) {
                        addLookup(DefaultLookups.valueOf(lookupName.toUpperCase()), lookupMap);
                    }
                }
            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException exc) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid default lookups definition: " + str, exc);
            }

            return lookupMap;
        }

        /**
         * Add the prefix and lookup from {@code lookup} to {@code map}.
         * @param lookup lookup to add
         * @param map map to add to
         */
        private static void addLookup(final DefaultLookups lookup, final Map<String, Lookup> map) {
            map.put(lookup.getPrefix(), lookup.getLookup());
        }
    }

    /** Class encapsulating the default logic to convert resolved variable values into strings.
     * This class is thread-safe.
     */
    private static final class DefaultStringConverter implements Function<Object, String> {

        /** Shared instance. */
        static final DefaultStringConverter INSTANCE = new DefaultStringConverter();

        /** {@inheritDoc} */
        @Override
        public String apply(final Object obj) {
            return Objects.toString(extractSimpleValue(obj), null);
        }

        /** Attempt to extract a simple value from {@code obj} for use in string conversion.
         * If the input represents a collection of some sort (e.g., an iterable or array),
         * the first item from the collection is returned.
         * @param obj input object
         * @return extracted simple object
         */
        private Object extractSimpleValue(final Object obj) {
            if (!(obj instanceof String)) {
                if (obj instanceof Iterable) {
                   return nextOrNull(((Iterable<?>) obj).iterator());
                }
                if (obj instanceof Iterator) {
                    return nextOrNull((Iterator<?>) obj);
                }
                if (obj.getClass().isArray()) {
                    return Array.getLength(obj) > 0
                            ? Array.get(obj, 0)
                            : null;
                }
            }
            return obj;
        }

        /** Return the next value from {@code it} or {@code null} if no values remain.
         * @param <T> iterated type
         * @param it iterator
         * @return next value from {@code it} or {@code null} if no values remain
         */
        private <T> T nextOrNull(final Iterator<T> it) {
            return it.hasNext()
                    ? it.next()
                    : null;
        }
    }
}