/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.jxpath;

import java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;

import org.apache.commons.jxpath.util.KeyManagerUtils;

/**
 * JXPathContext provides APIs for the traversal of graphs of JavaBeans using the XPath syntax. Using JXPathContext, you can read and write properties of
 * JavaBeans, arrays, collections and maps. JXPathContext uses JavaBeans introspection to enumerate and access JavaBeans properties.
 * <p>
 * JXPathContext allows alternative implementations. This is why instead of allocating JXPathContext directly, you should call a static {@code newContext}
 * method. This method will utilize the {@link JXPathContextFactory} API to locate a suitable implementation of JXPath. Bundled with JXPath comes a default
 * implementation called Reference Implementation.
 * </p>
 *
 * <h2>JXPath Interprets XPath Syntax on Java Object Graphs</h2>
 *
 * JXPath uses an intuitive interpretation of the XPath syntax in the context of Java object graphs. Here are some examples:
 *
 * <h3>Example 1: JavaBean Property Access</h3>
 *
 * JXPath can be used to access properties of a JavaBean.
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Employee {
 *    public String getFirstName(){
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * Employee emp = new Employee();
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(emp);
 * String fName = (String)context.getValue("firstName");
 * </pre>
 *
 * In this example, we are using JXPath to access a property of the {@code emp} bean. In this simple case the invocation of JXPath is equivalent to invocation
 * of getFirstName() on the bean.
 *
 * <h3>Example 2: Nested Bean Property Access</h3> JXPath can traverse object graphs:
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Employee {
 *    public Address getHomeAddress(){
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 * public class Address {
 *    public String getStreetNumber(){
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * Employee emp = new Employee();
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(emp);
 * String sNumber = (String)context.getValue("homeAddress/streetNumber");
 * </pre>
 *
 * In this case XPath is used to access a property of a nested bean.
 * <p>
 * A property identified by the XPath does not have to be a "leaf" property. For instance, we can extract the whole Address object in above example:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 *
 * Address addr = (Address) context.getValue("homeAddress");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <h3>Example 3: Collection Subscripts</h3>
 * <p>
 * JXPath can extract elements from arrays and collections.
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Integers {
 *    public int[] getNumbers(){
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * Integers ints = new Integers();
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(ints);
 * Integer thirdInt = (Integer)context.getValue("numbers[3]");
 * </pre>
 *
 * A collection can be an arbitrary array or an instance of java.util. Collection.
 * <p>
 * Note: in XPath the first element of a collection has index 1, not 0.
 * </p>
 *
 * <h3>Example 4: Map Element Access</h3>
 *
 * JXPath supports maps. To get a value use its key.
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Employee {
 *    public Map getAddresses(){
 *       return addressMap;
 *    }
 *
 *    public void addAddress(String key, Address address){
 *       addressMap.put(key, address);
 *    }
 *    ...
 * }
 *
 * Employee emp = new Employee();
 * emp.addAddress("home", new Address(...));
 * emp.addAddress("office", new Address(...));
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(emp);
 * String homeZipCode = (String)context.getValue("addresses/home/zipCode");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * Often you will need to use the alternative syntax for accessing Map elements:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 *
 * String homeZipCode = (String) context.getValue("addresses[@name='home']/zipCode");
 * </pre>
 *
 * In this case, the key can be an expression, e.g. a variable.<br>
 *
 * Note: At this point JXPath only supports Maps that use strings for keys.<br>
 * Note: JXPath supports the extended notion of Map: any object with dynamic properties can be handled by JXPath provided that its class is registered with the
 * {@link JXPathIntrospector}.
 *
 * <h3>Example 5: Retrieving Multiple Results</h3>
 *
 * JXPath can retrieve multiple objects from a graph. Note that the method called in this case is not {@code getValue}, but {@code iterate}.
 *
 * <pre>{@code
 * public class Author {
 *    public Book[] getBooks(){
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * Author auth = new Author();
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(auth);
 * Iterator threeBooks = context.iterate("books[position() < 4]");
 * }</pre>
 *
 * This returns a list of at most three books from the array of all books written by the author.
 *
 * <h3>Example 6: Setting Properties</h3> JXPath can be used to modify property values.
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Employee {
 *    public Address getAddress() {
 *       ...
 *    }
 *
 *    public void setAddress(Address address) {
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * Employee emp = new Employee();
 * Address addr = new Address();
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(emp);
 * context.setValue("address", addr);
 * context.setValue("address/zipCode", "90190");
 *
 * </pre>
 *
 * <h3>Example 7: Creating objects</h3>
 * <p>
 * JXPath can be used to create new objects. First, create a subclass of {@link AbstractFactory AbstractFactory} and
 * install it on the JXPathContext. Then call {@link JXPathContext#createPath createPathAndSetValue()} instead of "setValue". JXPathContext will invoke your
 * AbstractFactory when it discovers that an intermediate node of the path is <strong>null</strong>. It will not override existing nodes.
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class AddressFactory extends AbstractFactory {
 *    public boolean createObject(JXPathContext context,
 *               Pointer pointer, Object parent, String name, int index){
 *     if ((parent instanceof Employee) &amp;&amp; name.equals("address"){
 *       ((Employee)parent).setAddress(new Address());
 *       return true;
 *     }
 *     return false;
 *   }
 * }
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(emp);
 * context.setFactory(new AddressFactory());
 * context.createPathAndSetValue("address/zipCode", "90190");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <h3>Example 8: Using Variables</h3>
 * <p>
 * JXPath supports the notion of variables. The XPath syntax for accessing variables is <em>"$varName"</em>.
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Author {
 *    public Book[] getBooks(){
 *       ...
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * Author auth = new Author();
 * ...
 *
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(auth);
 * context.getVariables().declareVariable("index", Integer.valueOf(2));
 *
 * Book secondBook = (Book)context.getValue("books[$index]");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * You can also set variables using JXPath:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * context.setValue("$index", Integer.valueOf(3));
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * Note: you can only <em>change</em> the value of an existing variable this way, you cannot <em>define</em> a new variable.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * When a variable contains a JavaBean or a collection, you can traverse the bean or collection as well:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * ...
 * context.getVariables().declareVariable("book", myBook);
 * String title = (String)context.getValue("$book/title);
 *
 * Book array[] = new Book[]{...};
 *
 * context.getVariables().declareVariable("books", array);
 *
 * String title = (String)context.getValue("$books[2]/title);
 * </pre>
 *
 * <h3>Example 9: Using Nested Contexts</h3>
 * <p>
 * If you need to use the same set of variable while interpreting XPaths with different beans, it makes sense to put
 * the variables in a separate context and specify that context as a parent context every time you allocate a new JXPathContext for a JavaBean.
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * JXPathContext varContext = JXPathContext.newContext(null);
 * varContext.getVariables().declareVariable("title", "Java");
 * JXPathContext context = JXPathContext.newContext(varContext, auth);
 * Iterator javaBooks = context.iterate("books[title = $title]");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <h3>Using Custom Variable Pools</h3>
 * <p>
 * By default, JXPathContext creates a HashMap of variables. However, you can substitute a custom implementation of the
 * Variables interface to make JXPath work with an alternative source of variables. For example, you can define implementations of Variables that cover a
 * servlet context, HTTP request or any similar structure.
 * </p>
 *
 * <h3>Example 10: Using Standard Extension Functions</h3> Using the standard extension functions, you can call methods on objects, static methods on classes
 * and create objects using any constructor. The class names should be fully qualified.
 * <p>
 * Here's how you can create new objects:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 *
 * Book book = (Book) context.getValue("org.apache.commons.jxpath.example.Book.new ('John Updike')");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * Here's how you can call static methods:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 *
 * Book book = (Book) context.getValue("org. apache.commons.jxpath.example.Book.getBestBook('John Updike')");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * Here's how you can call regular methods:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 *
 * String firstName = (String) context.getValue("getAuthorsFirstName($book)");
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * As you can see, the target of the method is specified as the first parameter of the function.
 * </p>
 *
 * <h3>Example 11: Using Custom Extension Functions</h3>
 * <p>
 * Collections of custom extension functions can be implemented as {@link Functions Functions} objects or
 * as Java classes, whose methods become extenstion functions.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Let's say the following class implements various formatting operations:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Formats {
 *    public static String date(Date d, String pattern){
 *        return new SimpleDateFormat(pattern).format(d);
 *    }
 *    ...
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * We can register this class with a JXPathContext:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * context.setFunctions(new ClassFunctions(Formats.class, "format"));
 * ...
 *
 * context.getVariables().declareVariable("today", new Date());
 * String today = (String)context.getValue("format:date($today, 'MM/dd/yyyy')");
 *
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * You can also register whole packages of Java classes using PackageFunctions.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Also, see {@link FunctionLibrary FunctionLibrary}, which is a class that allows you to register multiple sets of extension functions with the same
 * JXPathContext.
 * </p>
 *
 * <h2>Configuring JXPath</h2>
 *
 * <p>
 * JXPath uses JavaBeans introspection to discover properties of JavaBeans. You can provide alternative property lists by supplying custom JXPathBeanInfo
 * classes (see {@link JXPathBeanInfo JXPathBeanInfo}).
 * </p>
 *
 * <h2>Notes</h2>
 * <ul>
 * <li>JXPath does not support DOM attributes for non-DOM objects. Even though XPaths like "para[@type='warning']" are legitimate, they will always produce
 * empty results. The only attribute supported for JavaBeans is "name". The XPath "foo/bar" is equivalent to "foo[@name='bar']".</li>
 *
 * <li id='matches_no_property_in_the_graph'>The term <b>matches no property in the graph</b> is used throughout the documentation. It describes a property or
 * path that can be determined as not belonging to the graph. Determining whether a property or path belongs to the graph depends on the type of object being
 * used as {@code cotextBean} (see {@link #newContext(Object)}). It is only possible strongly typed models where a specific Java model is used as context. It is
 * not possible with dynamic models such Maps or DOM implementations.
 * <p>
 * When a XPath does not match a property in the graph, the methods of this class that retrieve a pointer will generally behave in the following way, depending
 * on the last value configured with {@link #setLenient(boolean)}:
 * </p>
 *
 * <ol style='list-style:upper-alpha'>
 * <li>If {@code lenient} is {@code false} (default) - methods will throw {@link JXPathNotFoundException}.
 * <li>If {@code lenient} is {@code true} - methods will throw no exception and return a value appropriate for that method to express the absence: might be a
 * Java {@code null} or a {@link Pointer} whose {@link Pointer#getValue()} returns {@code null}, depends on the method.
 * </ol>
 * </li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * See also:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>See <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/xpath">XPath Tutorial by W3Schools</a></li>
 * <li>See also <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath">XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0</a></li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * You will also find more information and examples in the <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/jxpath/apidocs/index.html">JXPath User's Guide</a>
 * </p>
 */
public abstract class JXPathContext {

    private static volatile JXPathContextFactory contextFactory;
    private static volatile JXPathContext compilationContext;
    private static final PackageFunctions GENERIC_FUNCTIONS = new PackageFunctions("", null);

    /**
     * Compiles the supplied XPath and returns an internal representation of the path that can then be evaluated. Use CompiledExpressions when you need to
     * evaluate the same expression multiple times and there is a convenient place to cache CompiledExpression between invocations.
     *
     * @param xpath to compile
     * @return CompiledExpression
     */
    public static CompiledExpression compile(final String xpath) {
        if (compilationContext == null) {
            compilationContext = newContext(null);
        }
        return compilationContext.compilePath(xpath);
    }

    /**
     * Acquires a context factory and caches it.
     *
     * @return JXPathContextFactory
     */
    private static JXPathContextFactory getContextFactory() {
        if (contextFactory == null) {
            contextFactory = JXPathContextFactory.newInstance();
        }
        return contextFactory;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new JXPathContext with the specified bean as the root node and the specified parent context. Variables defined in a parent context can be
     * referenced in XPaths passed to the child context.
     *
     * @param parentContext parent context
     * @param contextBean   Object
     * @return JXPathContext
     */
    public static JXPathContext newContext(final JXPathContext parentContext, final Object contextBean) {
        return getContextFactory().newContext(parentContext, contextBean);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new JXPathContext with the specified object as the root node.
     *
     * @param contextBean Object
     * @return JXPathContext
     */
    public static JXPathContext newContext(final Object contextBean) {
        return getContextFactory().newContext(null, contextBean);
    }

    /** Parent context */
    protected JXPathContext parentContext;
    /** Context bean */
    protected Object contextBean;
    /** Variables */
    protected Variables vars;
    /** Functions */
    protected Functions functions;
    /** AbstractFactory */
    protected AbstractFactory factory;
    /** IdentityManager */
    protected IdentityManager idManager;
    /** KeyManager */
    protected KeyManager keyManager;
    /** Decimal format map */
    protected HashMap<String, DecimalFormatSymbols> decimalFormats;
    private Locale locale;
    private boolean lenientSet;
    private boolean lenient;

    /**
     * This constructor should remain protected - it is to be overridden by subclasses, but never explicitly invoked by clients.
     *
     * @param parentContext parent context
     * @param contextBean   Object
     */
    protected JXPathContext(final JXPathContext parentContext, final Object contextBean) {
        this.parentContext = parentContext;
        this.contextBean = contextBean;
    }

    /**
     * Overridden by each concrete implementation of JXPathContext to perform compilation. Is called by {@code compile()}.
     *
     * @param xpath to compile
     * @return CompiledExpression
     */
    protected abstract CompiledExpression compilePath(String xpath);

    /**
     * Creates missing elements of the path by invoking an {@link AbstractFactory}, which should first be installed on the context by calling
     * {@link #setFactory}.
     * <p>
     * Will throw an exception if the AbstractFactory fails to create an instance for a path element.
     *
     * @param xpath indicating destination to create
     * @return pointer to new location
     */
    public abstract Pointer createPath(String xpath);

    /**
     * The same as setValue, except it creates intermediate elements of the path by invoking an {@link AbstractFactory}, which should first be installed on the
     * context by calling {@link #setFactory}.
     * <p>
     * Will throw an exception if one of the following conditions occurs:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Elements of the XPath aleady exist, but the path does not in fact describe an existing property
     * <li>The AbstractFactory fails to create an instance for an intermediate element.
     * <li>The property is not writable (no public, non-static set method)
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param xpath indicating position to create
     * @param value to set
     * @return pointer to new location
     */
    public abstract Pointer createPathAndSetValue(String xpath, Object value);

    /**
     * Returns the JavaBean associated with this context.
     *
     * @return Object
     */
    public Object getContextBean() {
        return contextBean;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Pointer for the context bean.
     *
     * @return Pointer
     */
    public abstract Pointer getContextPointer();

    /**
     * Gets the named DecimalFormatSymbols.
     *
     * @param name key
     * @return DecimalFormatSymbols
     * @see #setDecimalFormatSymbols(String, DecimalFormatSymbols)
     */
    public synchronized DecimalFormatSymbols getDecimalFormatSymbols(final String name) {
        if (decimalFormats == null) {
            return parentContext == null ? null : parentContext.getDecimalFormatSymbols(name);
        }
        return decimalFormats.get(name);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the AbstractFactory installed on this context. If none has been installed and this context has a parent context, returns the parent's factory.
     * Otherwise returns null.
     *
     * @return AbstractFactory
     */
    public AbstractFactory getFactory() {
        if (factory == null && parentContext != null) {
            return parentContext.getFactory();
        }
        return factory;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the set of functions installed on the context.
     *
     * @return Functions
     */
    public Functions getFunctions() {
        if (functions != null) {
            return functions;
        }
        if (parentContext == null) {
            return GENERIC_FUNCTIONS;
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns this context's identity manager. If none has been installed, returns the identity manager of the parent context.
     *
     * @return IdentityManager
     */
    public IdentityManager getIdentityManager() {
        if (idManager == null && parentContext != null) {
            return parentContext.getIdentityManager();
        }
        return idManager;
    }

    /**
     * Returns this context's key manager. If none has been installed, returns the key manager of the parent context.
     *
     * @return KeyManager
     */
    public KeyManager getKeyManager() {
        if (keyManager == null && parentContext != null) {
            return parentContext.getKeyManager();
        }
        return keyManager;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the locale set with setLocale. If none was set and the context has a parent, returns the parent's locale. Otherwise, returns Locale.getDefault().
     *
     * @return Locale
     */
    public synchronized Locale getLocale() {
        if (locale == null) {
            if (parentContext != null) {
                return parentContext.getLocale();
            }
            locale = Locale.getDefault();
        }
        return locale;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the namespace context pointer set with {@link #setNamespaceContextPointer(Pointer) setNamespaceContextPointer()} or, if none has been specified,
     * the context pointer otherwise.
     *
     * @return The namespace context pointer.
     */
    public Pointer getNamespaceContextPointer() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Namespace registration is not implemented by " + getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Given a prefix, returns a registered namespace URI. If the requested prefix was not defined explicitly using the registerNamespace method, JXPathContext
     * will then check the context node to see if the prefix is defined there. See {@link #setNamespaceContextPointer(Pointer) setNamespaceContextPointer}.
     *
     * @param prefix The namespace prefix to look up
     * @return namespace URI or null if the prefix is undefined.
     */
    public String getNamespaceURI(final String prefix) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Namespace registration is not implemented by " + getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Locates a NodeSet by key/value.
     *
     * @param key   string
     * @param value object
     * @return NodeSet found
     */
    public NodeSet getNodeSetByKey(final String key, final Object value) {
        final KeyManager manager = getKeyManager();
        if (manager != null) {
            return KeyManagerUtils.getExtendedKeyManager(manager).getNodeSetByKey(this, key, value);
        }
        throw new JXPathException("Cannot find an element by key - " + "no KeyManager has been specified");
    }

    /**
     * Returns the parent context of this context or null.
     *
     * @return JXPathContext
     */
    public JXPathContext getParentContext() {
        return parentContext;
    }

    /**
     * Traverses the XPath and returns a Pointer. A Pointer provides easy access to a property.
     * <p>
     * If the XPath <a href='#matches_no_property_in_the_graph'>matches no properties in the graph</a> the behavior depends on the value that has been
     * configured with {@link #setLenient(boolean)}:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code false} (default) the method will throw a {@link JXPathNotFoundException}.
     * <li>{@code true} the method returns a pointer whose {@link Pointer#getValue()} method will always return null.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param xpath desired
     * @return Pointer A {@link Pointer}, never {@code null}.
     * @throws JXPathNotFoundException see method description.
     */
    public abstract Pointer getPointer(String xpath);

    /**
     * Locates a Node by its ID.
     *
     * @param id is the ID of the sought node.
     * @return Pointer
     */
    public Pointer getPointerByID(final String id) {
        final IdentityManager manager = getIdentityManager();
        if (manager != null) {
            return manager.getPointerByID(this, id);
        }
        throw new JXPathException("Cannot find an element by ID - " + "no IdentityManager has been specified");
    }

    /**
     * Locates a Node by a key value.
     *
     * @param key   string
     * @param value string
     * @return Pointer found
     */
    public Pointer getPointerByKey(final String key, final String value) {
        final KeyManager manager = getKeyManager();
        if (manager != null) {
            return manager.getPointerByKey(this, key, value);
        }
        throw new JXPathException("Cannot find an element by key - " + "no KeyManager has been specified");
    }

    /**
     * Gets the prefix associated with the specifed namespace URI.
     *
     * @param namespaceURI the ns URI to check.
     * @return String prefix
     * @since JXPath 1.3
     */
    public String getPrefix(final String namespaceURI) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Namespace registration is not implemented by " + getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a JXPathContext that is relative to the current JXPathContext. The supplied pointer becomes the context pointer of the new context. The relative
     * context inherits variables, extension functions, locale etc from the parent context.
     *
     * @param pointer Pointer
     * @return JXPathContext
     */
    public abstract JXPathContext getRelativeContext(Pointer pointer);

    /**
     * Evaluates the XPath and returns the resulting object. Primitive types are wrapped into objects.
     *
     * @param xpath to evaluate
     * @return Object found
     */
    public abstract Object getValue(String xpath);

    /**
     * Evaluates the xpath, converts the result to the specified class and returns the resulting object.
     *
     * @param xpath        to evaluate
     * @param requiredType required type
     * @return Object found
     */
    public abstract Object getValue(String xpath, Class requiredType);

    /**
     * Returns the variable pool associated with the context. If no such pool was specified with the {@link #setVariables} method, returns the default
     * implementation of Variables, {@link BasicVariables BasicVariables}.
     *
     * @return Variables
     */
    public Variables getVariables() {
        if (vars == null) {
            vars = new BasicVariables();
        }
        return vars;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether this JXPathContext is lenient.
     *
     * @return boolean
     * @see #setLenient(boolean)
     */
    public synchronized boolean isLenient() {
        if (!lenientSet && parentContext != null) {
            return parentContext.isLenient();
        }
        return lenient;
    }

    /**
     * Traverses the XPath and returns an Iterator of all results found for the path. If the XPath matches no properties in the graph, the Iterator will be
     * empty, but not null.
     *
     * @param <E>   the type of elements returned by the iterator.
     * @param xpath to iterate
     * @return Iterator
     */
    public abstract <E> Iterator<E> iterate(String xpath);

    /**
     * Traverses the XPath and returns an Iterator of Pointers. A Pointer provides easy access to a property. If the XPath matches no properties in the graph,
     * the Iterator be empty, but not null.
     *
     * @param xpath to iterate
     * @return Iterator
     */
    public abstract Iterator<Pointer> iteratePointers(String xpath);

    /**
     * Registers a namespace prefix.
     *
     * @param prefix       A namespace prefix
     * @param namespaceURI A URI for that prefix
     */
    public void registerNamespace(final String prefix, final String namespaceURI) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Namespace registration is not implemented by " + getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Removes all elements of the object graph described by the xpath.
     *
     * @param xpath indicating positions to remove
     */
    public abstract void removeAll(String xpath);

    /**
     * Removes the element of the object graph described by the xpath.
     *
     * @param xpath indicating position to remove
     */
    public abstract void removePath(String xpath);

    /**
     * Finds all nodes that match the specified XPath.
     *
     * @param xpath the xpath to be evaluated
     * @return a list of found objects
     */
    public List selectNodes(final String xpath) {
        final ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
        final Iterator<Pointer> iterator = iteratePointers(xpath);
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            final Pointer pointer = iterator.next();
            list.add(pointer.getNode());
        }
        return list;
    }

    /**
     * Finds the first object that matches the specified XPath. It is equivalent to {@code getPointer(xpath).getNode()}. Note that this method produces the same
     * result as {@code getValue()} on object models like JavaBeans, but a different result for DOM/JDOM etc., because it returns the Node itself, rather than
     * its textual contents.
     *
     * @param xpath the xpath to be evaluated
     * @return the found object
     */
    public Object selectSingleNode(final String xpath) {
        final Pointer pointer = getPointer(xpath);
        return pointer == null ? null : pointer.getNode();
    }

    /**
     * Sets {@link DecimalFormatSymbols} for a given name. The DecimalFormatSymbols can be referenced as the third, optional argument in the invocation of
     * {@code format-number (number,format,decimal-format-name)} function. By default, JXPath uses the symbols for the current locale.
     *
     * @param name    the format name or null for default format.
     * @param symbols DecimalFormatSymbols
     */
    public synchronized void setDecimalFormatSymbols(final String name, final DecimalFormatSymbols symbols) {
        if (decimalFormats == null) {
            decimalFormats = new HashMap<>();
        }
        decimalFormats.put(name, symbols);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the ExceptionHandler used by this context, if any.
     *
     * @param exceptionHandler to set
     * @since 1.4.0
     */
    public void setExceptionHandler(final ExceptionHandler exceptionHandler) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("ExceptionHandler registration is not implemented by " + getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Install an abstract factory that should be used by the {@code createPath()} and {@code createPathAndSetValue()} methods.
     *
     * @param factory AbstractFactory
     */
    public void setFactory(final AbstractFactory factory) {
        this.factory = factory;
    }

    /**
     * Install a library of extension functions.
     *
     * @param functions Functions
     * @see FunctionLibrary
     */
    public void setFunctions(final Functions functions) {
        this.functions = functions;
    }

    /**
     * Install an identity manager that will be used by the context to look up a node by its ID.
     *
     * @param idManager IdentityManager to set
     */
    public void setIdentityManager(final IdentityManager idManager) {
        this.idManager = idManager;
    }

    /**
     * Install a key manager that will be used by the context to look up a node by a key value.
     *
     * @param keyManager KeyManager
     */
    public void setKeyManager(final KeyManager keyManager) {
        this.keyManager = keyManager;
    }

    /**
     * If the context is in the lenient mode, then getValue() returns null for inexistent paths. Otherwise, a path that does not map to an existing property
     * will throw an exception. Note that if the property exists, but its value is null, the exception is <em>not</em> thrown.
     * <p>
     * By default, lenient = false
     *
     * @param lenient flag
     */
    public synchronized void setLenient(final boolean lenient) {
        this.lenient = lenient;
        lenientSet = true;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the locale for this context. The value of the "lang" attribute as well as the lang() function will be affected by the locale. By default, JXPath
     * uses {@code Locale.getDefault()}
     *
     * @param locale Locale
     */
    public synchronized void setLocale(final Locale locale) {
        this.locale = locale;
    }

    /**
     * Namespace prefixes can be defined implicitly by specifying a pointer to a context where the namespaces are defined. By default, NamespaceContextPointer
     * is the same as the Context Pointer, see {@link #getContextPointer() getContextPointer()}
     *
     * @param namespaceContextPointer The pointer to the context where prefixes used in XPath expressions should be resolved.
     */
    public void setNamespaceContextPointer(final Pointer namespaceContextPointer) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Namespace registration is not implemented by " + getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Modifies the value of the property described by the supplied xpath. Will throw an exception if one of the following conditions occurs:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The XPath does not in fact describe an existing property
     * <li>The property is not writable (no public, non-static set method)
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param xpath indicating position
     * @param value to set
     */
    public abstract void setValue(String xpath, Object value);

    /**
     * Installs a custom implementation of the Variables interface.
     *
     * @param vars Variables
     */
    public void setVariables(final Variables vars) {
        this.vars = vars;
    }
}