/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  package org.apache.commons.codec.language;
  
  import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
  import org.apache.commons.codec.StringEncoder;
  import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.StringUtils;
  
  /**
   * Encodes a string into a double metaphone value. This Implementation is based on the algorithm by <CITE>Lawrence
   * Philips</CITE>.
   * <p>
   * This class is conditionally thread-safe. The instance field {@link #maxCodeLen} is mutable
   * {@link #setMaxCodeLen(int)} but is not volatile, and accesses are not synchronized. If an instance of the class is
   * shared between threads, the caller needs to ensure that suitable synchronization is used to ensure safe publication
   * of the value between threads, and must not invoke {@link #setMaxCodeLen(int)} after initial setup.
   *
   * @see <a href="http://drdobbs.com/184401251?pgno=2">Original Article</a>
   * @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone</a>
   *
   * @version $Id: DoubleMetaphone.html 928559 2014-11-10 02:53:54Z ggregory $
   */
  public class DoubleMetaphone implements StringEncoder {
  
      /**
       * "Vowels" to test for
       */
      private static final String VOWELS = "AEIOUY";
  
      /**
       * Prefixes when present which are not pronounced
       */
      private static final String[] SILENT_START =
          { "GN", "KN", "PN", "WR", "PS" };
      private static final String[] L_R_N_M_B_H_F_V_W_SPACE =
          { "L", "R", "N", "M", "B", "H", "F", "V", "W", " " };
      private static final String[] ES_EP_EB_EL_EY_IB_IL_IN_IE_EI_ER =
          { "ES", "EP", "EB", "EL", "EY", "IB", "IL", "IN", "IE", "EI", "ER" };
      private static final String[] L_T_K_S_N_M_B_Z =
          { "L", "T", "K", "S", "N", "M", "B", "Z" };
  
      /**
       * Maximum length of an encoding, default is 4
       */
      private int maxCodeLen = 4;
  
      /**
       * Creates an instance of this DoubleMetaphone encoder
       */
      public DoubleMetaphone() {
          super();
      }
  
      /**
       * Encode a value with Double Metaphone.
       *
       * @param value String to encode
       * @return an encoded string
       */
      public String doubleMetaphone(final String value) {
          return doubleMetaphone(value, false);
      }
  
      /**
       * Encode a value with Double Metaphone, optionally using the alternate encoding.
       *
       * @param value String to encode
       * @param alternate use alternate encode
       * @return an encoded string
       */
      public String doubleMetaphone(String value, final boolean alternate) {
          value = cleanInput(value);
          if (value == null) {
              return null;
          }
  
          final boolean slavoGermanic = isSlavoGermanic(value);
          int index = isSilentStart(value) ? 1 : 0;
  
          final DoubleMetaphoneResult result = new DoubleMetaphoneResult(this.getMaxCodeLen());
  
          while (!result.isComplete() && index <= value.length() - 1) {
              switch (value.charAt(index)) {
              case 'A':
             case 'E':
             case 'I':
             case 'O':
             case 'U':
             case 'Y':
                 index = handleAEIOUY(result, index);
                 break;
             case 'B':
                 result.append('P');
                 index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'B' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case '\u00C7':
                 // A C with a Cedilla
                 result.append('S');
                 index++;
                 break;
             case 'C':
                 index = handleC(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'D':
                 index = handleD(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'F':
                 result.append('F');
                 index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'F' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case 'G':
                 index = handleG(value, result, index, slavoGermanic);
                 break;
             case 'H':
                 index = handleH(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'J':
                 index = handleJ(value, result, index, slavoGermanic);
                 break;
             case 'K':
                 result.append('K');
                 index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'K' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case 'L':
                 index = handleL(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'M':
                 result.append('M');
                 index = conditionM0(value, index) ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case 'N':
                 result.append('N');
                 index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'N' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case '\u00D1':
                 // N with a tilde (spanish ene)
                 result.append('N');
                 index++;
                 break;
             case 'P':
                 index = handleP(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'Q':
                 result.append('K');
                 index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'Q' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case 'R':
                 index = handleR(value, result, index, slavoGermanic);
                 break;
             case 'S':
                 index = handleS(value, result, index, slavoGermanic);
                 break;
             case 'T':
                 index = handleT(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'V':
                 result.append('F');
                 index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'V' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
                 break;
             case 'W':
                 index = handleW(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'X':
                 index = handleX(value, result, index);
                 break;
             case 'Z':
                 index = handleZ(value, result, index, slavoGermanic);
                 break;
             default:
                 index++;
                 break;
             }
         }
 
         return alternate ? result.getAlternate() : result.getPrimary();
     }
 
     /**
      * Encode the value using DoubleMetaphone.  It will only work if
      * <code>obj</code> is a <code>String</code> (like <code>Metaphone</code>).
      *
      * @param obj Object to encode (should be of type String)
      * @return An encoded Object (will be of type String)
      * @throws EncoderException encode parameter is not of type String
      */
     @Override
     public Object encode(final Object obj) throws EncoderException {
         if (!(obj instanceof String)) {
             throw new EncoderException("DoubleMetaphone encode parameter is not of type String");
         }
         return doubleMetaphone((String) obj);
     }
 
     /**
      * Encode the value using DoubleMetaphone.
      *
      * @param value String to encode
      * @return An encoded String
      */
     @Override
     public String encode(final String value) {
         return doubleMetaphone(value);
     }
 
     /**
      * Check if the Double Metaphone values of two <code>String</code> values
      * are equal.
      *
      * @param value1 The left-hand side of the encoded {@link String#equals(Object)}.
      * @param value2 The right-hand side of the encoded {@link String#equals(Object)}.
      * @return <code>true</code> if the encoded <code>String</code>s are equal;
      *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
      * @see #isDoubleMetaphoneEqual(String,String,boolean)
      */
     public boolean isDoubleMetaphoneEqual(final String value1, final String value2) {
         return isDoubleMetaphoneEqual(value1, value2, false);
     }
 
     /**
      * Check if the Double Metaphone values of two <code>String</code> values
      * are equal, optionally using the alternate value.
      *
      * @param value1 The left-hand side of the encoded {@link String#equals(Object)}.
      * @param value2 The right-hand side of the encoded {@link String#equals(Object)}.
      * @param alternate use the alternate value if <code>true</code>.
      * @return <code>true</code> if the encoded <code>String</code>s are equal;
      *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
      */
     public boolean isDoubleMetaphoneEqual(final String value1, final String value2, final boolean alternate) {
         return StringUtils.equals(doubleMetaphone(value1, alternate), doubleMetaphone(value2, alternate));
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the maxCodeLen.
      * @return int
      */
     public int getMaxCodeLen() {
         return this.maxCodeLen;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the maxCodeLen.
      * @param maxCodeLen The maxCodeLen to set
      */
     public void setMaxCodeLen(final int maxCodeLen) {
         this.maxCodeLen = maxCodeLen;
     }
 
     //-- BEGIN HANDLERS --//
 
     /**
      * Handles 'A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U', and 'Y' cases.
      */
     private int handleAEIOUY(final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, final int index) {
         if (index == 0) {
             result.append('A');
         }
         return index + 1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'C' cases.
      */
     private int handleC(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (conditionC0(value, index)) {  // very confusing, moved out
             result.append('K');
             index += 2;
         } else if (index == 0 && contains(value, index, 6, "CAESAR")) {
             result.append('S');
             index += 2;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "CH")) {
             index = handleCH(value, result, index);
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "CZ") &&
                    !contains(value, index - 2, 4, "WICZ")) {
             //-- "Czerny" --//
             result.append('S', 'X');
             index += 2;
         } else if (contains(value, index + 1, 3, "CIA")) {
             //-- "focaccia" --//
             result.append('X');
             index += 3;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "CC") &&
                    !(index == 1 && charAt(value, 0) == 'M')) {
             //-- double "cc" but not "McClelland" --//
             return handleCC(value, result, index);
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "CK", "CG", "CQ")) {
             result.append('K');
             index += 2;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "CI", "CE", "CY")) {
             //-- Italian vs. English --//
             if (contains(value, index, 3, "CIO", "CIE", "CIA")) {
                 result.append('S', 'X');
             } else {
                 result.append('S');
             }
             index += 2;
         } else {
             result.append('K');
             if (contains(value, index + 1, 2, " C", " Q", " G")) {
                 //-- Mac Caffrey, Mac Gregor --//
                 index += 3;
             } else if (contains(value, index + 1, 1, "C", "K", "Q") &&
                        !contains(value, index + 1, 2, "CE", "CI")) {
                 index += 2;
             } else {
                 index++;
             }
         }
 
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'CC' cases.
      */
     private int handleCC(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (contains(value, index + 2, 1, "I", "E", "H") &&
             !contains(value, index + 2, 2, "HU")) {
             //-- "bellocchio" but not "bacchus" --//
             if ((index == 1 && charAt(value, index - 1) == 'A') ||
                 contains(value, index - 1, 5, "UCCEE", "UCCES")) {
                 //-- "accident", "accede", "succeed" --//
                 result.append("KS");
             } else {
                 //-- "bacci", "bertucci", other Italian --//
                 result.append('X');
             }
             index += 3;
         } else {    // Pierce's rule
             result.append('K');
             index += 2;
         }
 
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'CH' cases.
      */
     private int handleCH(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, final int index) {
         if (index > 0 && contains(value, index, 4, "CHAE")) {   // Michael
             result.append('K', 'X');
             return index + 2;
         } else if (conditionCH0(value, index)) {
             //-- Greek roots ("chemistry", "chorus", etc.) --//
             result.append('K');
             return index + 2;
         } else if (conditionCH1(value, index)) {
             //-- Germanic, Greek, or otherwise 'ch' for 'kh' sound --//
             result.append('K');
             return index + 2;
         } else {
             if (index > 0) {
                 if (contains(value, 0, 2, "MC")) {
                     result.append('K');
                 } else {
                     result.append('X', 'K');
                 }
             } else {
                 result.append('X');
             }
             return index + 2;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'D' cases.
      */
     private int handleD(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (contains(value, index, 2, "DG")) {
             //-- "Edge" --//
             if (contains(value, index + 2, 1, "I", "E", "Y")) {
                 result.append('J');
                 index += 3;
                 //-- "Edgar" --//
             } else {
                 result.append("TK");
                 index += 2;
             }
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "DT", "DD")) {
             result.append('T');
             index += 2;
         } else {
             result.append('T');
             index++;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'G' cases.
      */
     private int handleG(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index,
                         final boolean slavoGermanic) {
         if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'H') {
             index = handleGH(value, result, index);
         } else if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'N') {
             if (index == 1 && isVowel(charAt(value, 0)) && !slavoGermanic) {
                 result.append("KN", "N");
             } else if (!contains(value, index + 2, 2, "EY") &&
                        charAt(value, index + 1) != 'Y' && !slavoGermanic) {
                 result.append("N", "KN");
             } else {
                 result.append("KN");
             }
             index = index + 2;
         } else if (contains(value, index + 1, 2, "LI") && !slavoGermanic) {
             result.append("KL", "L");
             index += 2;
         } else if (index == 0 &&
                    (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'Y' ||
                     contains(value, index + 1, 2, ES_EP_EB_EL_EY_IB_IL_IN_IE_EI_ER))) {
             //-- -ges-, -gep-, -gel-, -gie- at beginning --//
             result.append('K', 'J');
             index += 2;
         } else if ((contains(value, index + 1, 2, "ER") ||
                     charAt(value, index + 1) == 'Y') &&
                    !contains(value, 0, 6, "DANGER", "RANGER", "MANGER") &&
                    !contains(value, index - 1, 1, "E", "I") &&
                    !contains(value, index - 1, 3, "RGY", "OGY")) {
             //-- -ger-, -gy- --//
             result.append('K', 'J');
             index += 2;
         } else if (contains(value, index + 1, 1, "E", "I", "Y") ||
                    contains(value, index - 1, 4, "AGGI", "OGGI")) {
             //-- Italian "biaggi" --//
             if (contains(value, 0 ,4, "VAN ", "VON ") ||
                 contains(value, 0, 3, "SCH") ||
                 contains(value, index + 1, 2, "ET")) {
                 //-- obvious germanic --//
                 result.append('K');
             } else if (contains(value, index + 1, 3, "IER")) {
                 result.append('J');
             } else {
                 result.append('J', 'K');
             }
             index += 2;
         } else if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'G') {
             index += 2;
             result.append('K');
         } else {
             index++;
             result.append('K');
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'GH' cases.
      */
     private int handleGH(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (index > 0 && !isVowel(charAt(value, index - 1))) {
             result.append('K');
             index += 2;
         } else if (index == 0) {
             if (charAt(value, index + 2) == 'I') {
                 result.append('J');
             } else {
                 result.append('K');
             }
             index += 2;
         } else if ((index > 1 && contains(value, index - 2, 1, "B", "H", "D")) ||
                    (index > 2 && contains(value, index - 3, 1, "B", "H", "D")) ||
                    (index > 3 && contains(value, index - 4, 1, "B", "H"))) {
             //-- Parker's rule (with some further refinements) - "hugh"
             index += 2;
         } else {
             if (index > 2 && charAt(value, index - 1) == 'U' &&
                 contains(value, index - 3, 1, "C", "G", "L", "R", "T")) {
                 //-- "laugh", "McLaughlin", "cough", "gough", "rough", "tough"
                 result.append('F');
             } else if (index > 0 && charAt(value, index - 1) != 'I') {
                 result.append('K');
             }
             index += 2;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'H' cases.
      */
     private int handleH(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         //-- only keep if first & before vowel or between 2 vowels --//
         if ((index == 0 || isVowel(charAt(value, index - 1))) &&
             isVowel(charAt(value, index + 1))) {
             result.append('H');
             index += 2;
             //-- also takes car of "HH" --//
         } else {
             index++;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'J' cases.
      */
     private int handleJ(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index,
                         final boolean slavoGermanic) {
         if (contains(value, index, 4, "JOSE") || contains(value, 0, 4, "SAN ")) {
                 //-- obvious Spanish, "Jose", "San Jacinto" --//
                 if ((index == 0 && (charAt(value, index + 4) == ' ') ||
                      value.length() == 4) || contains(value, 0, 4, "SAN ")) {
                     result.append('H');
                 } else {
                     result.append('J', 'H');
                 }
                 index++;
             } else {
                 if (index == 0 && !contains(value, index, 4, "JOSE")) {
                     result.append('J', 'A');
                 } else if (isVowel(charAt(value, index - 1)) && !slavoGermanic &&
                            (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'A' || charAt(value, index + 1) == 'O')) {
                     result.append('J', 'H');
                 } else if (index == value.length() - 1) {
                     result.append('J', ' ');
                 } else if (!contains(value, index + 1, 1, L_T_K_S_N_M_B_Z) &&
                            !contains(value, index - 1, 1, "S", "K", "L")) {
                     result.append('J');
                 }
 
                 if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'J') {
                     index += 2;
                 } else {
                     index++;
                 }
             }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'L' cases.
      */
     private int handleL(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'L') {
             if (conditionL0(value, index)) {
                 result.appendPrimary('L');
             } else {
                 result.append('L');
             }
             index += 2;
         } else {
             index++;
             result.append('L');
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'P' cases.
      */
     private int handleP(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'H') {
             result.append('F');
             index += 2;
         } else {
             result.append('P');
             index = contains(value, index + 1, 1, "P", "B") ? index + 2 : index + 1;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'R' cases.
      */
     private int handleR(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, final int index,
                         final boolean slavoGermanic) {
         if (index == value.length() - 1 && !slavoGermanic &&
             contains(value, index - 2, 2, "IE") &&
             !contains(value, index - 4, 2, "ME", "MA")) {
             result.appendAlternate('R');
         } else {
             result.append('R');
         }
         return charAt(value, index + 1) == 'R' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'S' cases.
      */
     private int handleS(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index,
                         final boolean slavoGermanic) {
         if (contains(value, index - 1, 3, "ISL", "YSL")) {
             //-- special cases "island", "isle", "carlisle", "carlysle" --//
             index++;
         } else if (index == 0 && contains(value, index, 5, "SUGAR")) {
             //-- special case "sugar-" --//
             result.append('X', 'S');
             index++;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "SH")) {
             if (contains(value, index + 1, 4, "HEIM", "HOEK", "HOLM", "HOLZ")) {
                 //-- germanic --//
                 result.append('S');
             } else {
                 result.append('X');
             }
             index += 2;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 3, "SIO", "SIA") || contains(value, index, 4, "SIAN")) {
             //-- Italian and Armenian --//
             if (slavoGermanic) {
                 result.append('S');
             } else {
                 result.append('S', 'X');
             }
             index += 3;
         } else if ((index == 0 && contains(value, index + 1, 1, "M", "N", "L", "W")) ||
                    contains(value, index + 1, 1, "Z")) {
             //-- german & anglicisations, e.g. "smith" match "schmidt" //
             // "snider" match "schneider" --//
             //-- also, -sz- in slavic language although in hungarian it //
             //   is pronounced "s" --//
             result.append('S', 'X');
             index = contains(value, index + 1, 1, "Z") ? index + 2 : index + 1;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "SC")) {
             index = handleSC(value, result, index);
         } else {
             if (index == value.length() - 1 && contains(value, index - 2, 2, "AI", "OI")) {
                 //-- french e.g. "resnais", "artois" --//
                 result.appendAlternate('S');
             } else {
                 result.append('S');
             }
             index = contains(value, index + 1, 1, "S", "Z") ? index + 2 : index + 1;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'SC' cases.
      */
     private int handleSC(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, final int index) {
         if (charAt(value, index + 2) == 'H') {
             //-- Schlesinger's rule --//
             if (contains(value, index + 3, 2, "OO", "ER", "EN", "UY", "ED", "EM")) {
                 //-- Dutch origin, e.g. "school", "schooner" --//
                 if (contains(value, index + 3, 2, "ER", "EN")) {
                     //-- "schermerhorn", "schenker" --//
                     result.append("X", "SK");
                 } else {
                     result.append("SK");
                 }
             } else {
                 if (index == 0 && !isVowel(charAt(value, 3)) && charAt(value, 3) != 'W') {
                     result.append('X', 'S');
                 } else {
                     result.append('X');
                 }
             }
         } else if (contains(value, index + 2, 1, "I", "E", "Y")) {
             result.append('S');
         } else {
             result.append("SK");
         }
         return index + 3;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'T' cases.
      */
     private int handleT(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (contains(value, index, 4, "TION")) {
             result.append('X');
             index += 3;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 3, "TIA", "TCH")) {
             result.append('X');
             index += 3;
         } else if (contains(value, index, 2, "TH") || contains(value, index, 3, "TTH")) {
             if (contains(value, index + 2, 2, "OM", "AM") ||
                 //-- special case "thomas", "thames" or germanic --//
                 contains(value, 0, 4, "VAN ", "VON ") ||
                 contains(value, 0, 3, "SCH")) {
                 result.append('T');
             } else {
                 result.append('0', 'T');
             }
             index += 2;
         } else {
             result.append('T');
             index = contains(value, index + 1, 1, "T", "D") ? index + 2 : index + 1;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'W' cases.
      */
     private int handleW(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (contains(value, index, 2, "WR")) {
             //-- can also be in middle of word --//
             result.append('R');
             index += 2;
         } else {
             if (index == 0 && (isVowel(charAt(value, index + 1)) ||
                                contains(value, index, 2, "WH"))) {
                 if (isVowel(charAt(value, index + 1))) {
                     //-- Wasserman should match Vasserman --//
                     result.append('A', 'F');
                 } else {
                     //-- need Uomo to match Womo --//
                     result.append('A');
                 }
                 index++;
             } else if ((index == value.length() - 1 && isVowel(charAt(value, index - 1))) ||
                        contains(value, index - 1, 5, "EWSKI", "EWSKY", "OWSKI", "OWSKY") ||
                        contains(value, 0, 3, "SCH")) {
                 //-- Arnow should match Arnoff --//
                 result.appendAlternate('F');
                 index++;
             } else if (contains(value, index, 4, "WICZ", "WITZ")) {
                 //-- Polish e.g. "filipowicz" --//
                 result.append("TS", "FX");
                 index += 4;
             } else {
                 index++;
             }
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'X' cases.
      */
     private int handleX(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index) {
         if (index == 0) {
             result.append('S');
             index++;
         } else {
             if (!((index == value.length() - 1) &&
                   (contains(value, index - 3, 3, "IAU", "EAU") ||
                    contains(value, index - 2, 2, "AU", "OU")))) {
                 //-- French e.g. breaux --//
                 result.append("KS");
             }
             index = contains(value, index + 1, 1, "C", "X") ? index + 2 : index + 1;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     /**
      * Handles 'Z' cases.
      */
     private int handleZ(final String value, final DoubleMetaphoneResult result, int index,
                         final boolean slavoGermanic) {
         if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'H') {
             //-- Chinese pinyin e.g. "zhao" or Angelina "Zhang" --//
             result.append('J');
             index += 2;
         } else {
             if (contains(value, index + 1, 2, "ZO", "ZI", "ZA") ||
                 (slavoGermanic && (index > 0 && charAt(value, index - 1) != 'T'))) {
                 result.append("S", "TS");
             } else {
                 result.append('S');
             }
             index = charAt(value, index + 1) == 'Z' ? index + 2 : index + 1;
         }
         return index;
     }
 
     //-- BEGIN CONDITIONS --//
 
     /**
      * Complex condition 0 for 'C'.
      */
     private boolean conditionC0(final String value, final int index) {
         if (contains(value, index, 4, "CHIA")) {
             return true;
         } else if (index <= 1) {
             return false;
         } else if (isVowel(charAt(value, index - 2))) {
             return false;
         } else if (!contains(value, index - 1, 3, "ACH")) {
             return false;
         } else {
             final char c = charAt(value, index + 2);
             return (c != 'I' && c != 'E') ||
                     contains(value, index - 2, 6, "BACHER", "MACHER");
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Complex condition 0 for 'CH'.
      */
     private boolean conditionCH0(final String value, final int index) {
         if (index != 0) {
             return false;
         } else if (!contains(value, index + 1, 5, "HARAC", "HARIS") &&
                    !contains(value, index + 1, 3, "HOR", "HYM", "HIA", "HEM")) {
             return false;
         } else if (contains(value, 0, 5, "CHORE")) {
             return false;
         } else {
             return true;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Complex condition 1 for 'CH'.
      */
     private boolean conditionCH1(final String value, final int index) {
         return ((contains(value, 0, 4, "VAN ", "VON ") || contains(value, 0, 3, "SCH")) ||
                 contains(value, index - 2, 6, "ORCHES", "ARCHIT", "ORCHID") ||
                 contains(value, index + 2, 1, "T", "S") ||
                 ((contains(value, index - 1, 1, "A", "O", "U", "E") || index == 0) &&
                  (contains(value, index + 2, 1, L_R_N_M_B_H_F_V_W_SPACE) || index + 1 == value.length() - 1)));
     }
 
     /**
      * Complex condition 0 for 'L'.
      */
     private boolean conditionL0(final String value, final int index) {
         if (index == value.length() - 3 &&
             contains(value, index - 1, 4, "ILLO", "ILLA", "ALLE")) {
             return true;
         } else if ((contains(value, value.length() - 2, 2, "AS", "OS") ||
                     contains(value, value.length() - 1, 1, "A", "O")) &&
                    contains(value, index - 1, 4, "ALLE")) {
             return true;
         } else {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Complex condition 0 for 'M'.
      */
     private boolean conditionM0(final String value, final int index) {
         if (charAt(value, index + 1) == 'M') {
             return true;
         }
         return contains(value, index - 1, 3, "UMB") &&
                ((index + 1) == value.length() - 1 || contains(value, index + 2, 2, "ER"));
     }
 
     //-- BEGIN HELPER FUNCTIONS --//
 
     /**
      * Determines whether or not a value is of slavo-germanic origin. A value is
      * of slavo-germanic origin if it contians any of 'W', 'K', 'CZ', or 'WITZ'.
      */
     private boolean isSlavoGermanic(final String value) {
         return value.indexOf('W') > -1 || value.indexOf('K') > -1 ||
             value.indexOf("CZ") > -1 || value.indexOf("WITZ") > -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Determines whether or not a character is a vowel or not
      */
     private boolean isVowel(final char ch) {
         return VOWELS.indexOf(ch) != -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Determines whether or not the value starts with a silent letter.  It will
      * return <code>true</code> if the value starts with any of 'GN', 'KN',
      * 'PN', 'WR' or 'PS'.
      */
     private boolean isSilentStart(final String value) {
         boolean result = false;
         for (final String element : SILENT_START) {
             if (value.startsWith(element)) {
                 result = true;
                 break;
             }
         }
         return result;
     }
 
     /**
      * Cleans the input.
      */
     private String cleanInput(String input) {
         if (input == null) {
             return null;
         }
         input = input.trim();
         if (input.length() == 0) {
             return null;
         }
         return input.toUpperCase(java.util.Locale.ENGLISH);
     }
 
     /*
      * Gets the character at index <code>index</code> if available, otherwise
      * it returns <code>Character.MIN_VALUE</code> so that there is some sort
      * of a default.
      */
     protected char charAt(final String value, final int index) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= value.length()) {
             return Character.MIN_VALUE;
         }
         return value.charAt(index);
     }
 
     /*
      * Determines whether <code>value</code> contains any of the criteria starting at index <code>start</code> and
      * matching up to length <code>length</code>.
      */
     protected static boolean contains(final String value, final int start, final int length,
                                       final String... criteria) {
         boolean result = false;
         if (start >= 0 && start + length <= value.length()) {
             final String target = value.substring(start, start + length);
 
             for (final String element : criteria) {
                 if (target.equals(element)) {
                     result = true;
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
         return result;
     }
 
     //-- BEGIN INNER CLASSES --//
 
     /**
      * Inner class for storing results, since there is the optional alternate encoding.
      */
     public class DoubleMetaphoneResult {
 
         private final StringBuilder primary = new StringBuilder(getMaxCodeLen());
         private final StringBuilder alternate = new StringBuilder(getMaxCodeLen());
         private final int maxLength;
 
         public DoubleMetaphoneResult(final int maxLength) {
             this.maxLength = maxLength;
         }
 
         public void append(final char value) {
             appendPrimary(value);
             appendAlternate(value);
         }
 
         public void append(final char primary, final char alternate) {
             appendPrimary(primary);
             appendAlternate(alternate);
         }
 
         public void appendPrimary(final char value) {
             if (this.primary.length() < this.maxLength) {
                 this.primary.append(value);
             }
         }
 
         public void appendAlternate(final char value) {
             if (this.alternate.length() < this.maxLength) {
                 this.alternate.append(value);
             }
         }
 
         public void append(final String value) {
             appendPrimary(value);
             appendAlternate(value);
         }
 
         public void append(final String primary, final String alternate) {
             appendPrimary(primary);
             appendAlternate(alternate);
         }
 
         public void appendPrimary(final String value) {
             final int addChars = this.maxLength - this.primary.length();
             if (value.length() <= addChars) {
                 this.primary.append(value);
             } else {
                 this.primary.append(value.substring(0, addChars));
             }
         }
 
         public void appendAlternate(final String value) {
             final int addChars = this.maxLength - this.alternate.length();
             if (value.length() <= addChars) {
                 this.alternate.append(value);
             } else {
                 this.alternate.append(value.substring(0, addChars));
             }
         }
 
         public String getPrimary() {
             return this.primary.toString();
         }
 
         public String getAlternate() {
             return this.alternate.toString();
         }
 
         public boolean isComplete() {
             return this.primary.length() >= this.maxLength &&
                    this.alternate.length() >= this.maxLength;
         }
     }
 }