/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection;
  
  import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
  import java.lang.reflect.Field;
  import java.lang.reflect.Method;
  import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collection;
  import java.util.HashSet;
  import java.util.Objects;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.stream.Collectors;
  
  import org.apache.commons.jexl3.internal.introspection.PermissionsParser;
  
  /**
   * This interface describes permissions used by JEXL introspection that constrain which
   * packages/classes/constructors/fields/methods are made visible to JEXL scripts.
   * <p>By specifying or implementing permissions, it is possible to constrain precisely which objects can be manipulated
   * by JEXL, allowing users to enter their own expressions or scripts whilst maintaining tight control
   * over what can be executed. JEXL introspection mechanism will check whether it is permitted to
   * access a constructor, method or field before exposition to the {@link JexlUberspect}. The restrictions
   * are applied in all cases, for any {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection.JexlUberspect.ResolverStrategy}.
   * </p>
   * <p>This complements using a dedicated {@link ClassLoader} and/or {@link SecurityManager} - being deprecated -
   * and possibly {@link JexlSandbox} with a simpler mechanism. The {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl}
   * annotation processing is actually performed using the result of calling {@link #parse(String...)} with no arguments;
   * implementations shall delegate calls to its methods for {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl} to be
   * processed.</p>
   * <p>A simple textual configuration can be used to create user-defined permissions using
   * {@link JexlPermissions#parse(String...)}.</p>
   *
   *<p>To instantiate a JEXL engine using permissions, one should use a {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder}
   * and call {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder#permissions(JexlPermissions)}. Another approach would
   * be to instantiate a {@link JexlUberspect} with those permissions and call
   * {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder#uberspect(JexlUberspect)}.</p>
   *
   * <p>
   *     To help migration from earlier versions, it is possible to revert to the JEXL 3.2 default lenient behavior
   *     by calling {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder#setDefaultPermissions(JexlPermissions)} with
   *     {@link #UNRESTRICTED} as parameter before creating a JEXL engine instance.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   *     For the same reason, using JEXL through scripting, it is possible to revert the underlying JEXL behavior to
   *     JEXL 3.2 default by calling {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.scripting.JexlScriptEngine#setPermissions(JexlPermissions)}
   *     with {@link #UNRESTRICTED} as parameter.
   * </p>
   * @since 3.3
   */
  public interface JexlPermissions {
      /**
       * A permission delegation that augments the RESTRICTED permission with an explicit
       * set of classes.
       * <p>Typical use case is to deny access to a package - and thus all its classes - but allow
       * a few specific classes.</p>
       * <p>Note that the newer positive restriction syntax is preferable as in:
       * <code>RESTRICTED.compose("java.lang { +Class {} }")</code>.</p>
       */
       final class ClassPermissions extends JexlPermissions.Delegate {
          /** The set of explicitly allowed classes, overriding the delegate permissions. */
          private final Set<String> allowedClasses;
  
          /**
           * Creates permissions based on the RESTRICTED set but allowing an explicit set.
           * @param allow the set of allowed classes
           */
          public ClassPermissions(final Class<?>... allow) {
              this(JexlPermissions.RESTRICTED,
                      Arrays.stream(Objects.requireNonNull(allow))
                          .map(Class::getCanonicalName)
                          .collect(Collectors.toList()));
          }
  
          /**
           * Required for compose().
           * @param delegate the base to delegate to
           * @param allow the list of class canonical names
           */
          public ClassPermissions(final JexlPermissions delegate, final Collection<String> allow) {
              super(Objects.requireNonNull(delegate));
              allowedClasses = new HashSet<>(Objects.requireNonNull(allow));
          }
  
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz) {
             return validate(clazz) && isClassAllowed(clazz) || super.allow(clazz);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Constructor<?> constructor) {
             return validate(constructor) && isClassAllowed(constructor.getDeclaringClass()) || super.allow(constructor);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Method method) {
             return validate(method) && isClassAllowed(method.getDeclaringClass()) || super.allow(method);
         }
 
         @Override
         public JexlPermissions compose(final String... src) {
             return new ClassPermissions(base.compose(src), allowedClasses);
         }
 
         private boolean isClassAllowed(final Class<?> clazz) {
             return allowedClasses.contains(clazz.getCanonicalName());
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * A base for permission delegation allowing functional refinement.
      * Overloads should call the appropriate validate() method early in their body.
      */
      class Delegate implements JexlPermissions {
          /** The permissions we delegate to. */
         protected final JexlPermissions base;
 
         /**
          * Constructs a new instance.
          *
          * @param delegate the delegate.
          */
         protected Delegate(final JexlPermissions delegate) {
             base = delegate;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz) {
             return base.allow(clazz);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Constructor<?> ctor) {
             return base.allow(ctor);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Field field) {
             return base.allow(field);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Method method) {
             return base.allow(method);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Package pack) {
             return base.allow(pack);
         }
 
         @Override
         public JexlPermissions compose(final String... src) {
             return new Delegate(base.compose(src));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * The unrestricted permissions.
      * <p>This enables any public class, method, constructor or field to be visible to JEXL and used in scripts.</p>
      * @since 3.3
      */
     JexlPermissions UNRESTRICTED = JexlPermissions.parse();
 
     /**
      * A restricted singleton.
      * <p>The RESTRICTED set is built using the following allowed packages and denied packages/classes.</p>
      * <p>Of particular importance are the restrictions on the {@link System},
      * {@link Runtime}, {@link ProcessBuilder}, {@link Class} and those on {@link java.net}, {@link java.net},
      * {@link java.io} and {@link java.lang.reflect} that should provide a decent level of isolation between the scripts
      * and its host.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * As a simple guide, any line that ends with &quot;.*&quot; is allowing a package, any other is
      * denying a package, class or method.
      * </p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>java.nio.*</li>
      * <li>java.io.*</li>
      * <li>java.lang.*</li>
      * <li>java.math.*</li>
      * <li>java.text.*</li>
      * <li>java.util.*</li>
      * <li>org.w3c.dom.*</li>
      * <li>org.apache.commons.jexl3.*</li>
      *
      * <li>org.apache.commons.jexl3 { JexlBuilder {} }</li>
      * <li>org.apache.commons.jexl3.internal { Engine {} }</li>
      * <li>java.lang { Runtime {} System {} ProcessBuilder {} Class {} }</li>
      * <li>java.lang.annotation {}</li>
      * <li>java.lang.instrument {}</li>
      * <li>java.lang.invoke {}</li>
      * <li>java.lang.management {}</li>
      * <li>java.lang.ref {}</li>
      * <li>java.lang.reflect {}</li>
      * <li>java.net {}</li>
      * <li>java.io { File { } }</li>
      * <li>java.nio { Path { } Paths { } Files { } }</li>
      * <li>java.rmi {}</li>
      * </ul>
      */
     JexlPermissions RESTRICTED = JexlPermissions.parse(
             "# Restricted Uberspect Permissions",
             "java.nio.*",
             "java.io.*",
             "java.lang.*",
             "java.math.*",
             "java.text.*",
             "java.util.*",
             "org.w3c.dom.*",
             "org.apache.commons.jexl3.*",
             "org.apache.commons.jexl3 { JexlBuilder {} }",
             "org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection { JexlPermissions {} JexlPermissions$ClassPermissions {} }",
             "org.apache.commons.jexl3.internal { Engine {} Engine32 {} TemplateEngine {} }",
             "org.apache.commons.jexl3.internal.introspection { Uberspect {} Introspector {} }",
             "java.lang { Runtime{} System{} ProcessBuilder{} Process{}" +
                     " RuntimePermission{} SecurityManager{}" +
                     " Thread{} ThreadGroup{} Class{} }",
             "java.lang.annotation {}",
             "java.lang.instrument {}",
             "java.lang.invoke {}",
             "java.lang.management {}",
             "java.lang.ref {}",
             "java.lang.reflect {}",
             "java.net {}",
             "java.io { File{} FileDescriptor{} }",
             "java.nio { Path { } Paths { } Files { } }",
             "java.rmi"
     );
 
     /**
      * Parses a set of permissions.
      * <p>
      * In JEXL 3.3, the syntax recognizes 2 types of permissions:
      * </p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>Allowing access to a wildcard restricted set of packages. </li>
      * <li>Denying access to packages, classes (and inner classes), methods and fields</li>
      * </ul>
      * <p>Wildcards specifications determine the set of allowed packages. When empty, all packages can be
      * used. When using JEXL to expose functional elements, their packages should be exposed through wildcards.
      * These allow composing the volume of what is allowed by addition.</p>
      * <p>Restrictions behave exactly like the {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl} annotation;
      * they can restrict access to package, class, inner-class, methods and fields.
      *  These allow refining the volume of what is allowed by extrusion.</p>
      *  An example of a tight environment that would not allow scripts to wander could be:
      *  <pre>
      *  # allow a very restricted set of base classes
      *  java.math.*
      *  java.text.*
      *  java.util.*
      *  # deny classes that could pose a security risk
      *  java.lang { Runtime {} System {} ProcessBuilder {} Class {} }
      *  org.apache.commons.jexl3 { JexlBuilder {} }
      *  </pre>
      *  <ul>
      *  <li>Syntax for wildcards is the name of the package suffixed by {@code .*}.</li>
      *  <li>Syntax for restrictions is a list of package restrictions.</li>
      *  <li>A package restriction is a package name followed by a block (as in curly-bracket block {})
      *  that contains a list of class restrictions.</li>
      *  <li>A class restriction is a class name prefixed by an optional {@code -} or {@code +} sign
      *  followed by a block of member restrictions.</li>
      *  <li>A member restriction can be a class restriction - to restrict
      *  nested classes -, a field which is the Java field name suffixed with {@code ;}, a method composed of
      *  its Java name suffixed with {@code ();}. Constructor restrictions are specified like methods using the
      *  class name as method name.</li>
      *  <li>By default or when prefixed with a {@code -}, a class restriction is explicitly denying the members
      *  declared in its block (or the whole class)</li>
      *  <li>When prefixed with a {@code +}, a class restriction is explicitly allowing the members
      *  declared in its block (or the whole class)</li>
      *  </ul>
      *  <p>
      *  All overrides and overloads of a constructors or method are allowed or restricted at the same time,
      *  the restriction being based on their names, not their whole signature. This differs from the @NoJexl annotation.
      *  </p>
      *  <pre>
      *  # some wildcards
      *  java.lang.*; # java.lang is pretty much a must have
      *  my.allowed.package0.*
      *  another.allowed.package1.*
      *  # nojexl like restrictions
      *  my.package.internal {} # the whole package is hidden
      *  my.package {
      *   +class4 { theMethod(); } # only theMethod can be called in class4
      *   class0 {
      *     class1 {} # the whole class1 is hidden
      *     class2 {
      *         class2(); # class2 constructors cannot be invoked
      *         class3 {
      *             aMethod(); # aMethod cannot be called
      *             aField; # aField cannot be accessed
      *         }
      *     } # end of class2
      *     class0(); # class0 constructors cannot be invoked
      *     method(); # method cannot be called
      *     field; # field cannot be accessed
      *   } # end class0
      * } # end package my.package
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param src the permissions source, the default (NoJexl aware) permissions if null
      * @return the permissions instance
      * @since 3.3
      */
     static JexlPermissions parse(final String... src) {
         return new PermissionsParser().parse(src);
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a class allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If the class disallows JEXL introspection, none of its constructors, methods or fields
      * as well as derived classes are visible to JEXL and cannot be used in scripts or expressions.
      * If one of its super-classes is not allowed, tbe class is not allowed either.</p>
      * <p>For interfaces, only methods and fields are disallowed in derived interfaces or implementing classes.</p>
      * @param clazz the class to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a constructor allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a constructor is not allowed, the new operator cannot be used to instantiate its declared class
      * in scripts or expressions.</p>
      * @param ctor the constructor to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(final Constructor<?> ctor);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a field explicitly disallows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a field is not allowed, it cannot resolved and accessed in scripts or expressions.</p>
      * @param field the field to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(final Field field);
     /**
      * Checks whether a method allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a method is not allowed, it cannot resolved and called in scripts or expressions.</p>
      * <p>Since methods can be overridden and overloaded, this also checks that no superclass or interface
      * explicitly disallows this methods.</p>
      * @param method the method to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(final Method method);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a package allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If the package disallows JEXL introspection, none of its classes or interfaces are visible
      * to JEXL and cannot be used in scripts or expression.</p>
      * @param pack the package
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(final Package pack);
 
     /**
      * Compose these permissions with a new set.
      * <p>This is a convenience method meant to easily give access to the packages JEXL is
      * used to integrate with. For instance, using <code>{@link #RESTRICTED}.compose("com.my.app.*")</code>
      * would extend the restricted set of permissions by allowing the com.my.app package.</p>
      * @param src the new constraints
      * @return the new permissions
      */
     JexlPermissions compose(final String... src);
 
     /**
      * Checks that a class is valid for permission check.
      * @param clazz the class
      * @return true if the class is not null, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Class<?> clazz) {
         return clazz != null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a constructor is valid for permission check.
      * @param constructor the constructor
      * @return true if constructor is not null and public, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Constructor<?> constructor) {
         return constructor != null && Modifier.isPublic(constructor.getModifiers());
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a field is valid for permission check.
      * @param field the constructor
      * @return true if field is not null and public, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Field field) {
         return field != null && Modifier.isPublic(field.getModifiers());
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a method is valid for permission check.
      * @param method the method
      * @return true if method is not null and public, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Method method) {
         return method != null && Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers());
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a package is valid for permission check.
      * @param pack the package
      * @return true if the class is not null, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Package pack) {
         return pack != null;
     }
 }