/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.apache.commons.lang3.text;
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.Reader;
  import java.io.Serializable;
  import java.io.Writer;
  import java.nio.CharBuffer;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Objects;
  
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.CharUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.Strings;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.Builder;
  
  /**
   * Builds a string from constituent parts providing a more flexible and powerful API
   * than StringBuffer.
   * <p>
   * The main differences from StringBuffer/StringBuilder are:
   * </p>
   * <ul>
   * <li>Not synchronized</li>
   * <li>Not final</li>
   * <li>Subclasses have direct access to character array</li>
   * <li>Additional methods
   *  <ul>
   *   <li>appendWithSeparators - adds an array of values, with a separator</li>
   *   <li>appendPadding - adds a length padding characters</li>
   *   <li>appendFixedLength - adds a fixed width field to the builder</li>
   *   <li>toCharArray/getChars - simpler ways to get a range of the character array</li>
   *   <li>delete - delete char or string</li>
   *   <li>replace - search and replace for a char or string</li>
   *   <li>leftString/rightString/midString - substring without exceptions</li>
   *   <li>contains - whether the builder contains a char or string</li>
   *   <li>size/clear/isEmpty - collections style API methods</li>
   *  </ul>
   * </li>
   * <li>Views
   *  <ul>
   *   <li>asTokenizer - uses the internal buffer as the source of a StrTokenizer</li>
   *   <li>asReader - uses the internal buffer as the source of a Reader</li>
   *   <li>asWriter - allows a Writer to write directly to the internal buffer</li>
   *  </ul>
   * </li>
   * </ul>
   * <p>
   * The aim has been to provide an API that mimics very closely what StringBuffer
   * provides, but with additional methods. It should be noted that some edge cases,
   * with invalid indices or null input, have been altered - see individual methods.
   * The biggest of these changes is that by default, null will not output the text
   * 'null'. This can be controlled by a property, {@link #setNullText(String)}.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Prior to 3.0, this class implemented Cloneable but did not implement the
   * clone method so could not be used. From 3.0 onwards it no longer implements
   * the interface.
   * </p>
   *
   * @since 2.2
   * @deprecated As of <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-lang/changes-report.html#a3.6">3.6</a>, use Apache Commons Text
   * <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-text/javadocs/api-release/org/apache/commons/text/TextStringBuilder.html">
   * TextStringBuilder</a>.
   */
  @Deprecated
  public class StrBuilder implements CharSequence, Appendable, Serializable, Builder<String> {
  
      /**
       * Inner class to allow StrBuilder to operate as a reader.
       */
      final class StrBuilderReader extends Reader {
          /** The current stream position. */
          private int pos;
          /** The last mark position. */
          private int mark;
  
          /**
           * Default constructor.
           */
         StrBuilderReader() {
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void close() {
             // do nothing
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void mark(final int readAheadLimit) {
             mark = pos;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public boolean markSupported() {
             return true;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public int read() {
             if (!ready()) {
                 return -1;
             }
             return charAt(pos++);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public int read(final char[] b, final int off, int len) {
             if (off < 0 || len < 0 || off > b.length ||
                     off + len > b.length || off + len < 0) {
                 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
             }
             if (len == 0) {
                 return 0;
             }
             if (pos >= size()) {
                 return -1;
             }
             if (pos + len > size()) {
                 len = size() - pos;
             }
             StrBuilder.this.getChars(pos, pos + len, b, off);
             pos += len;
             return len;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public boolean ready() {
             return pos < size();
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void reset() {
             pos = mark;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public long skip(long n) {
             if (pos + n > size()) {
                 n = size() - pos;
             }
             if (n < 0) {
                 return 0;
             }
             pos = Math.addExact(pos, Math.toIntExact(n));
             return n;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Inner class to allow StrBuilder to operate as a tokenizer.
      */
     final class StrBuilderTokenizer extends StrTokenizer {
 
         /**
          * Default constructor.
          */
         StrBuilderTokenizer() {
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public String getContent() {
             final String str = super.getContent();
             if (str == null) {
                 return StrBuilder.this.toString();
             }
             return str;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         protected List<String> tokenize(final char[] chars, final int offset, final int count) {
             if (chars == null) {
                 return super.tokenize(StrBuilder.this.buffer, 0, StrBuilder.this.size());
             }
             return super.tokenize(chars, offset, count);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Inner class to allow StrBuilder to operate as a writer.
      */
     final class StrBuilderWriter extends Writer {
 
         /**
          * Default constructor.
          */
         StrBuilderWriter() {
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void close() {
             // do nothing
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void flush() {
             // do nothing
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final char[] cbuf) {
             StrBuilder.this.append(cbuf);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final char[] cbuf, final int off, final int len) {
             StrBuilder.this.append(cbuf, off, len);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final int c) {
             StrBuilder.this.append((char) c);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final String str) {
             StrBuilder.this.append(str);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final String str, final int off, final int len) {
             StrBuilder.this.append(str, off, len);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * The extra capacity for new builders.
      */
     static final int CAPACITY = 32;
 
     /**
      * Required for serialization support.
      *
      * @see java.io.Serializable
      */
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 7628716375283629643L;
 
     /** Internal data storage. */
     protected char[] buffer; // TODO make private?
 
     /** Current size of the buffer. */
     protected int size; // TODO make private?
 
     /**
      * The new line, {@code null} means use the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      */
     private String newLine;
 
     /** The null text. */
     private String nullText;
 
     /**
      * Constructor that creates an empty builder initial capacity 32 characters.
      */
     public StrBuilder() {
         this(CAPACITY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructor that creates an empty builder the specified initial capacity.
      *
      * @param initialCapacity  the initial capacity, zero or less will be converted to 32
      */
     public StrBuilder(int initialCapacity) {
         if (initialCapacity <= 0) {
             initialCapacity = CAPACITY;
         }
         buffer = new char[initialCapacity];
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructor that creates a builder from the string, allocating
      * 32 extra characters for growth.
      *
      * @param str  the string to copy, null treated as blank string
      */
     public StrBuilder(final String str) {
         if (str == null) {
             buffer = new char[CAPACITY];
         } else {
             buffer = new char[str.length() + CAPACITY];
             append(str);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a boolean value to the string builder.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final boolean value) {
         if (value) {
             ensureCapacity(size + 4);
             buffer[size++] = 't';
             buffer[size++] = 'r';
             buffer[size++] = 'u';
         } else {
             ensureCapacity(size + 5);
             buffer[size++] = 'f';
             buffer[size++] = 'a';
             buffer[size++] = 'l';
             buffer[size++] = 's';
         }
         buffer[size++] = 'e';
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char value to the string builder.
      *
      * @param ch  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.0
      */
     @Override
     public StrBuilder append(final char ch) {
         final int len = length();
         ensureCapacity(len + 1);
         buffer[size++] = ch;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array to the string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars  the char array to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final char[] chars) {
         if (chars == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         final int strLen = chars.length;
         if (strLen > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + strLen);
             System.arraycopy(chars, 0, buffer, len, strLen);
             size += strLen;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array to the string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars  the char array to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final char[] chars, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (chars == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid startIndex: " + length);
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid length: " + length);
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             System.arraycopy(chars, startIndex, buffer, len, length);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the contents of a char buffer to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param buf  the char buffer to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.4
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final CharBuffer buf) {
         if (buf == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (buf.hasArray()) {
             final int length = buf.remaining();
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             System.arraycopy(buf.array(), buf.arrayOffset() + buf.position(), buffer, len, length);
             size += length;
         } else {
             append(buf.toString());
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the contents of a char buffer to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param buf  the char buffer to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.4
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final CharBuffer buf, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (buf == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (buf.hasArray()) {
             final int totalLength = buf.remaining();
             if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > totalLength) {
                 throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
             }
             if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > totalLength) {
                 throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
             }
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             System.arraycopy(buf.array(), buf.arrayOffset() + buf.position() + startIndex, buffer, len, length);
             size += length;
         } else {
             append(buf.toString(), startIndex, length);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a CharSequence to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param seq  the CharSequence to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.0
      */
     @Override
     public StrBuilder append(final CharSequence seq) {
         if (seq == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (seq instanceof StrBuilder) {
             return append((StrBuilder) seq);
         }
         if (seq instanceof StringBuilder) {
             return append((StringBuilder) seq);
         }
         if (seq instanceof StringBuffer) {
             return append((StringBuffer) seq);
         }
         if (seq instanceof CharBuffer) {
             return append((CharBuffer) seq);
         }
         return append(seq.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a CharSequence to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param seq  the CharSequence to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.0
      */
     @Override
     public StrBuilder append(final CharSequence seq, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (seq == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         return append(seq.toString(), startIndex, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a double value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final double value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a float value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final float value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an int value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final int value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a long value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final long value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param obj  the object to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final Object obj) {
         if (obj == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (obj instanceof CharSequence) {
             return append((CharSequence) obj);
         }
         return append(obj.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends another string builder to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string builder to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final StrBuilder str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         final int strLen = str.length();
         if (strLen > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + strLen);
             System.arraycopy(str.buffer, 0, buffer, len, strLen);
             size += strLen;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string builder to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final StrBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final String str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         final int strLen = str.length();
         if (strLen > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + strLen);
             str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, len);
             size += strLen;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final String str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Calls {@link String#format(String, Object...)} and appends the result.
      *
      * @param format the format string
      * @param objs the objects to use in the format string
      * @return {@code this} to enable chaining
      * @see String#format(String, Object...)
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final String format, final Object... objs) {
         return append(String.format(format, objs));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string buffer to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string buffer to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final StringBuffer str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         final int strLen = str.length();
         if (strLen > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + strLen);
             str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, len);
             size += strLen;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string buffer to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final StringBuffer str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a StringBuilder to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str the StringBuilder to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final StringBuilder str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         final int strLen = str.length();
         if (strLen > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + strLen);
             str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, len);
             size += strLen;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a StringBuilder to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str the StringBuilder to append
      * @param startIndex the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StrBuilder append(final StringBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > str.length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacity(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends each item in an iterable to the builder without any separators.
      * Appending a null iterable will have no effect.
      * Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param iterable  the iterable to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendAll(final Iterable<?> iterable) {
         if (iterable != null) {
             iterable.forEach(this::append);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends each item in an iterator to the builder without any separators.
      * Appending a null iterator will have no effect.
      * Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param it  the iterator to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendAll(final Iterator<?> it) {
         if (it != null) {
             it.forEachRemaining(this::append);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends each item in an array to the builder without any separators.
      * Appending a null array will have no effect.
      * Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param <T>  the element type
      * @param array  the array to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public <T> StrBuilder appendAll(@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final T... array) {
         /*
          * @SuppressWarnings used to hide warning about vararg usage. We cannot
          * use @SafeVarargs, since this method is not final. Using @SuppressWarnings
          * is fine, because it isn't inherited by subclasses, so each subclass must
          * vouch for itself whether its use of 'array' is safe.
          */
         if (ArrayUtils.isNotEmpty(array)) {
             for (final Object element : array) {
                 append(element);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the left to a fixed width.
      * The {@code String.valueOf} of the {@code int} value is used.
      * If the formatted value is larger than the length, the left-hand side side is lost.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @param width  the fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect
      * @param padChar  the pad character to use
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendFixedWidthPadLeft(final int value, final int width, final char padChar) {
         return appendFixedWidthPadLeft(String.valueOf(value), width, padChar);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the left to a fixed width.
      * The {@code toString} of the object is used.
      * If the object is larger than the length, the left-hand side side is lost.
      * If the object is null, the null text value is used.
      *
      * @param obj  the object to append, null uses null text
      * @param width  the fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect
      * @param padChar  the pad character to use
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendFixedWidthPadLeft(final Object obj, final int width, final char padChar) {
         if (width > 0) {
             ensureCapacity(size + width);
             String str = ObjectUtils.toString(obj, this::getNullText);
             if (str == null) {
                 str = StringUtils.EMPTY;
             }
             final int strLen = str.length();
             if (strLen >= width) {
                 str.getChars(strLen - width, strLen, buffer, size);
             } else {
                 final int padLen = width - strLen;
                 final int toIndex = size + padLen;
                 Arrays.fill(buffer, size, toIndex, padChar);
                 str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, toIndex);
             }
             size += width;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the right to a fixed length.
      * The {@code String.valueOf} of the {@code int} value is used.
      * If the object is larger than the length, the right-hand side side is lost.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @param width  the fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect
      * @param padChar  the pad character to use
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendFixedWidthPadRight(final int value, final int width, final char padChar) {
         return appendFixedWidthPadRight(String.valueOf(value), width, padChar);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the right to a fixed length.
      * The {@code toString} of the object is used.
      * If the object is larger than the length, the right-hand side side is lost.
      * If the object is null, null text value is used.
      *
      * @param obj  the object to append, null uses null text
      * @param width  the fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect
      * @param padChar  the pad character to use
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendFixedWidthPadRight(final Object obj, final int width, final char padChar) {
         if (width > 0) {
             ensureCapacity(size + width);
             String str = ObjectUtils.toString(obj, this::getNullText);
             if (str == null) {
                 str = StringUtils.EMPTY;
             }
             final int strLen = str.length();
             if (strLen >= width) {
                 str.getChars(0, width, buffer, size);
             } else {
                 str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, size);
                 final int fromIndex = size + strLen;
                 Arrays.fill(buffer, fromIndex, fromIndex + width - strLen, padChar);
             }
             size += width;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a boolean value followed by a new line to the string builder.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final boolean value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char value followed by a new line to the string builder.
      *
      * @param ch  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final char ch) {
         return append(ch).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array followed by a new line to the string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars  the char array to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final char[] chars) {
         return append(chars).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array followed by a new line to the string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars  the char array to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final char[] chars, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(chars, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a double value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final double value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a float value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final float value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an int value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final int value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a long value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value  the value to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final long value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param obj  the object to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final Object obj) {
         return append(obj).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends another string builder followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string builder to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final StrBuilder str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string builder followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final StrBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final String str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final String str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Calls {@link String#format(String, Object...)} and appends the result.
      *
      * @param format the format string
      * @param objs the objects to use in the format string
      * @return {@code this} to enable chaining
      * @see String#format(String, Object...)
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final String format, final Object... objs) {
         return append(format, objs).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string buffer followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string buffer to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final StringBuffer str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string buffer followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final StringBuffer str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string builder followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string builder to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final StringBuilder str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string builder followed by a new line to this string builder.
      * Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str  the string builder to append
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param length  the length to append, must be valid
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StrBuilder appendln(final StringBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends this builder's new line string to this builder.
      * <p>
      * By default, the new line is the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The new line string can be changed using {@link #setNewLineText(String)}. For example, you can use this to force the output to always use Unix line
      * endings even when on Windows.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @see #getNewLineText()
      * @see #setNewLineText(String)
      */
     public StrBuilder appendNewLine() {
         if (newLine == null)  {
             append(System.lineSeparator());
             return this;
         }
         return append(newLine);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the text representing {@code null} to this string builder.
      *
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendNull() {
         if (nullText == null)  {
             return this;
         }
         return append(nullText);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the pad character to the builder the specified number of times.
      *
      * @param length  the length to append, negative means no append
      * @param padChar  the character to append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendPadding(final int length, final char padChar) {
         if (length >= 0) {
             ensureCapacity(size + length);
             for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                 buffer[size++] = padChar;
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator if the builder is currently non-empty.
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(char)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the
      * loop except the first.
      * </p>
      * <pre>
      * for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
      *   appendSeparator(',');
      *   append(it.next());
      * }
      * </pre>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use
      * {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      *
      * @param separator  the separator to use
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendSeparator(final char separator) {
         if (isNotEmpty()) {
             append(separator);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Append one of both separators to the builder
      * If the builder is currently empty it will append the defaultIfEmpty-separator
      * Otherwise it will append the standard-separator
      *
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(char)}.
      * @param standard the separator if builder is not empty
      * @param defaultIfEmpty the separator if builder is empty
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.5
      */
     public StrBuilder appendSeparator(final char standard, final char defaultIfEmpty) {
         if (isNotEmpty()) {
             append(standard);
         } else {
             append(defaultIfEmpty);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator to the builder if the loop index is greater than zero.
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(char)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the
      * loop except the first.
      * </p>
      * <pre>{@code
      * for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
      *   appendSeparator(",", i);
      *   append(list.get(i));
      * }
      * }
      * </pre>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use
      * {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      *
      * @param separator  the separator to use
      * @param loopIndex  the loop index
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendSeparator(final char separator, final int loopIndex) {
         if (loopIndex > 0) {
             append(separator);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator if the builder is currently non-empty.
      * Appending a null separator will have no effect.
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(String)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the
      * loop except the first.
      * </p>
      * <pre>
      * for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
      *   appendSeparator(",");
      *   append(it.next());
      * }
      * </pre>
      * <p>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use
      * {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param separator  the separator to use, null means no separator
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendSeparator(final String separator) {
         return appendSeparator(separator, null);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator to the builder if the loop index is greater than zero.
      * Appending a null separator will have no effect.
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(String)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the
      * loop except the first.
      * </p>
      * <pre>{@code
      * for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
      *   appendSeparator(",", i);
      *   append(list.get(i));
      * }
      * }</pre>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use
      * {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      *
      * @param separator  the separator to use, null means no separator
      * @param loopIndex  the loop index
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.3
      */
     public StrBuilder appendSeparator(final String separator, final int loopIndex) {
         if (separator != null && loopIndex > 0) {
             append(separator);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends one of both separators to the StrBuilder.
      * If the builder is currently empty it will append the defaultIfEmpty-separator
      * Otherwise it will append the standard-separator
      *
      * Appending a null separator will have no effect.
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(String)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is for example useful for constructing queries
      * </p>
      * <pre>
      * StrBuilder whereClause = new StrBuilder();
      * if (searchCommand.getPriority() != null) {
      *  whereClause.appendSeparator(" and", " where");
      *  whereClause.append(" priority = ?")
      * }
      * if (searchCommand.getComponent() != null) {
      *  whereClause.appendSeparator(" and", " where");
      *  whereClause.append(" component = ?")
      * }
      * selectClause.append(whereClause)
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param standard the separator if builder is not empty, null means no separator
      * @param defaultIfEmpty the separator if builder is empty, null means no separator
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @since 2.5
      */
     public StrBuilder appendSeparator(final String standard, final String defaultIfEmpty) {
         final String str = isEmpty() ? defaultIfEmpty : standard;
         if (str != null) {
             append(str);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends current contents of this {@link StrBuilder} to the
      * provided {@link Appendable}.
      * <p>
      * This method tries to avoid doing any extra copies of contents.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param appendable  the appendable to append data to
      * @throws IOException  if an I/O error occurs
      * @since 3.4
      * @see #readFrom(Readable)
      */
     public void appendTo(final Appendable appendable) throws IOException {
         if (appendable instanceof Writer) {
             ((Writer) appendable).write(buffer, 0, size);
         } else if (appendable instanceof StringBuilder) {
             ((StringBuilder) appendable).append(buffer, 0, size);
         } else if (appendable instanceof StringBuffer) {
             ((StringBuffer) appendable).append(buffer, 0, size);
         } else if (appendable instanceof CharBuffer) {
             ((CharBuffer) appendable).put(buffer, 0, size);
         } else {
             appendable.append(this);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an iterable placing separators between each value, but
      * not before the first or after the last.
      * Appending a null iterable will have no effect.
      * Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param iterable  the iterable to append
      * @param separator  the separator to use, null means no separator
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendWithSeparators(final Iterable<?> iterable, final String separator) {
         if (iterable != null) {
             final String sep = Objects.toString(separator, "");
             final Iterator<?> it = iterable.iterator();
             while (it.hasNext()) {
                 append(it.next());
                 if (it.hasNext()) {
                     append(sep);
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an iterator placing separators between each value, but
      * not before the first or after the last.
      * Appending a null iterator will have no effect.
      * Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param it  the iterator to append
      * @param separator  the separator to use, null means no separator
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendWithSeparators(final Iterator<?> it, final String separator) {
         if (it != null) {
             final String sep = Objects.toString(separator, "");
             while (it.hasNext()) {
                 append(it.next());
                 if (it.hasNext()) {
                     append(sep);
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an array placing separators between each value, but
      * not before the first or after the last.
      * Appending a null array will have no effect.
      * Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param array  the array to append
      * @param separator  the separator to use, null means no separator
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder appendWithSeparators(final Object[] array, final String separator) {
         if (array != null && array.length > 0) {
             final String sep = Objects.toString(separator, "");
             append(array[0]);
             for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
                 append(sep);
                 append(array[i]);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the contents of this builder as a Reader.
      * <p>
      * This method allows the contents of the builder to be read
      * using any standard method that expects a Reader.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * To use, simply create a {@link StrBuilder}, populate it with
      * data, call {@code asReader}, and then read away.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The internal character array is shared between the builder and the reader.
      * This allows you to append to the builder after creating the reader,
      * and the changes will be picked up.
      * Note however, that no synchronization occurs, so you must perform
      * all operations with the builder and the reader in one thread.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The returned reader supports marking, and ignores the flush method.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return a reader that reads from this builder
      */
     public Reader asReader() {
         return new StrBuilderReader();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a tokenizer that can tokenize the contents of this builder.
      * <p>
      * This method allows the contents of this builder to be tokenized.
      * The tokenizer will be setup by default to tokenize on space, tab,
      * newline and formfeed (as per StringTokenizer). These values can be
      * changed on the tokenizer class, before retrieving the tokens.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The returned tokenizer is linked to this builder. You may intermix
      * calls to the builder and tokenizer within certain limits, however
      * there is no synchronization. Once the tokenizer has been used once,
      * it must be {@link StrTokenizer#reset() reset} to pickup the latest
      * changes in the builder. For example:
      * </p>
      * <pre>
      * StrBuilder b = new StrBuilder();
      * b.append("a b ");
      * StrTokenizer t = b.asTokenizer();
      * String[] tokens1 = t.getTokenArray();  // returns a,b
      * b.append("c d ");
      * String[] tokens2 = t.getTokenArray();  // returns a,b (c and d ignored)
      * t.reset();              // reset causes builder changes to be picked up
      * String[] tokens3 = t.getTokenArray();  // returns a,b,c,d
      * </pre>
      * <p>
      * In addition to simply intermixing appends and tokenization, you can also
      * call the set methods on the tokenizer to alter how it tokenizes. Just
      * remember to call reset when you want to pickup builder changes.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * Calling {@link StrTokenizer#reset(String)} or {@link StrTokenizer#reset(char[])}
      * with a non-null value will break the link with the builder.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return a tokenizer that is linked to this builder
      */
     public StrTokenizer asTokenizer() {
         return new StrBuilderTokenizer();
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets this builder as a Writer that can be written to.
      * <p>
      * This method allows you to populate the contents of the builder
      * using any standard method that takes a Writer.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * To use, simply create a {@link StrBuilder},
      * call {@code asWriter}, and populate away. The data is available
      * at any time using the methods of the {@link StrBuilder}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The internal character array is shared between the builder and the writer.
      * This allows you to intermix calls that append to the builder and
      * write using the writer and the changes will be occur correctly.
      * Note however, that no synchronization occurs, so you must perform
      * all operations with the builder and the writer in one thread.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The returned writer ignores the close and flush methods.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return a writer that populates this builder
      */
     public Writer asWriter() {
         return new StrBuilderWriter();
     }
 
     /**
      * Implement the {@link Builder} interface.
      * @return the builder as a String
      * @since 3.2
      * @see #toString()
      */
     @Override
     public String build() {
         return toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the current size of the internal character array buffer.
      *
      * @return the capacity
      */
     public int capacity() {
         return buffer.length;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the character at the specified index.
      *
      * @see #setCharAt(int, char)
      * @see #deleteCharAt(int)
      * @param index  the index to retrieve, must be valid
      * @return the character at the index
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     @Override
     public char charAt(final int index) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
         }
         return buffer[index];
     }
 
     /**
      * Clears the string builder (convenience Collections API style method).
      * <p>
      * This method does not reduce the size of the internal character buffer.
      * To do that, call {@code clear()} followed by {@link #minimizeCapacity()}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as {@link #setLength(int)} called with zero
      * and is provided to match the API of Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder clear() {
         size = 0;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks if the string builder contains the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to find
      * @return true if the builder contains the character
      */
     public boolean contains(final char ch) {
         final char[] thisBuf = buffer;
         for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {
             if (thisBuf[i] == ch) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks if the string builder contains the specified string.
      *
      * @param str  the string to find
      * @return true if the builder contains the string
      */
     public boolean contains(final String str) {
         return indexOf(str, 0) >= 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks if the string builder contains a string matched using the
      * specified matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to search for the character
      * 'a' followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use, null returns -1
      * @return true if the matcher finds a match in the builder
      */
     public boolean contains(final StrMatcher matcher) {
         return indexOf(matcher, 0) >= 0;
     }
     /**
      * Deletes the characters between the two specified indices.
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index, exclusive, must be valid except
      *  that if too large it is treated as end of string
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder delete(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         final int len = endIndex - startIndex;
         if (len > 0) {
             deleteImpl(startIndex, endIndex, len);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the character wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to delete
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteAll(final char ch) {
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             if (buffer[i] == ch) {
                 final int start = i;
                 while (++i < size) {
                     if (buffer[i] != ch) {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
                 final int len = i - start;
                 deleteImpl(start, i, len);
                 i -= len;
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the string wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param str  the string to delete, null causes no action
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteAll(final String str) {
         final int len = StringUtils.length(str);
         if (len > 0) {
             int index = indexOf(str, 0);
             while (index >= 0) {
                 deleteImpl(index, index + len, len);
                 index = indexOf(str, index);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes all parts of the builder that the matcher matches.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced deletion behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to delete all occurrences
      * where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteAll(final StrMatcher matcher) {
         return replace(matcher, null, 0, size, -1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the character at the specified index.
      *
      * @see #charAt(int)
      * @see #setCharAt(int, char)
      * @param index  the index to delete
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteCharAt(final int index) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
         }
         deleteImpl(index, index + 1, 1);
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the character wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to delete
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteFirst(final char ch) {
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             if (buffer[i] == ch) {
                 deleteImpl(i, i + 1, 1);
                 break;
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the string wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param str  the string to delete, null causes no action
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteFirst(final String str) {
         final int len = StringUtils.length(str);
         if (len > 0) {
             final int index = indexOf(str, 0);
             if (index >= 0) {
                 deleteImpl(index, index + len, len);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the first match within the builder using the specified matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced deletion behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to delete
      * where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder deleteFirst(final StrMatcher matcher) {
         return replace(matcher, null, 0, size, 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Internal method to delete a range without validation.
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index (exclusive), must be valid
      * @param len  the length, must be valid
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid
      */
     private void deleteImpl(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final int len) {
         System.arraycopy(buffer, endIndex, buffer, startIndex, size - endIndex);
         size -= len;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether this builder ends with the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that this method handles null input quietly, unlike String.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str  the string to search for, null returns false
      * @return true if the builder ends with the string
      */
     public boolean endsWith(final String str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return false;
         }
         final int len = str.length();
         if (len == 0) {
             return true;
         }
         if (len > size) {
             return false;
         }
         int pos = size - len;
         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++, pos++) {
             if (buffer[pos] != str.charAt(i)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks the capacity and ensures that it is at least the size specified.
      *
      * @param capacity  the capacity to ensure
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder ensureCapacity(final int capacity) {
         if (capacity > buffer.length) {
             buffer = ArrayUtils.arraycopy(buffer, 0, 0, size, () -> new char[capacity * 2]);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks the contents of this builder against another to see if they
      * contain the same character content.
      *
      * @param obj  the object to check, null returns false
      * @return true if the builders contain the same characters in the same order
      */
     @Override
     public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
         return obj instanceof StrBuilder && equals((StrBuilder) obj);
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks the contents of this builder against another to see if they
      * contain the same character content.
      *
      * @param other  the object to check, null returns false
      * @return true if the builders contain the same characters in the same order
      */
     public boolean equals(final StrBuilder other) {
         if (this == other) {
             return true;
         }
         if (other == null) {
             return false;
         }
         if (this.size != other.size) {
             return false;
         }
         final char[] thisBuf = this.buffer;
         final char[] otherBuf = other.buffer;
         for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             if (thisBuf[i] != otherBuf[i]) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks the contents of this builder against another to see if they
      * contain the same character content ignoring case.
      *
      * @param other  the object to check, null returns false
      * @return true if the builders contain the same characters in the same order
      */
     public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(final StrBuilder other) {
         if (this == other) {
             return true;
         }
         if (this.size != other.size) {
             return false;
         }
         final char[] thisBuf = this.buffer;
         final char[] otherBuf = other.buffer;
         for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             final char c1 = thisBuf[i];
             final char c2 = otherBuf[i];
             if (c1 != c2 && Character.toUpperCase(c1) != Character.toUpperCase(c2)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies the character array into the specified array.
      *
      * @param destination  the destination array, null will cause an array to be created
      * @return the input array, unless that was null or too small
      */
     public char[] getChars(char[] destination) {
         final int len = length();
         if (destination == null || destination.length < len) {
             destination = new char[len];
         }
         return ArrayUtils.arraycopy(buffer, 0, destination, 0, len);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies the character array into the specified array.
      *
      * @param startIndex  first index to copy, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  last index, exclusive, must be valid
      * @param destination  the destination array, must not be null or too small
      * @param destinationIndex  the index to start copying in destination
      * @throws NullPointerException if the array is null
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid
      */
     public void getChars(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final char[] destination, final int destinationIndex) {
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
         }
         if (endIndex < 0 || endIndex > length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
         }
         if (startIndex > endIndex) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("end < start");
         }
         System.arraycopy(buffer, startIndex, destination, destinationIndex, endIndex - startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the text to be appended when a {@link #appendNewLine() new line} is added.
      *
      * @return The new line text, {@code null} means use the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      */
     public String getNewLineText() {
         return newLine;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the text to be appended when null is added.
      *
      * @return the null text, null means no append
      */
     public String getNullText() {
         return nullText;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a suitable hash code for this builder.
      *
      * @return a hash code
      */
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         int hash = 0;
         for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             hash = 31 * hash + buf[i];
         }
         return hash;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to find
      * @return the first index of the character, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int indexOf(final char ch) {
         return indexOf(ch, 0);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to find
      * @param startIndex  the index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge
      * @return the first index of the character, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int indexOf(final char ch, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = Math.max(startIndex, 0);
         if (startIndex >= size) {
             return -1;
         }
         final char[] thisBuf = buffer;
         for (int i = startIndex; i < size; i++) {
             if (thisBuf[i] == ch) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str  the string to find, null returns -1
      * @return the first index of the string, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int indexOf(final String str) {
         return indexOf(str, 0);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified
      * string starting searching from the given index.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str  the string to find, null returns -1
      * @param startIndex  the index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge
      * @return the first index of the string, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int indexOf(final String str, final int startIndex) {
         return Strings.CS.indexOf(this, str, startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the first match.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to find the character 'a'
      * followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use, null returns -1
      * @return the first index matched, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int indexOf(final StrMatcher matcher) {
         return indexOf(matcher, 0);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the first
      * match searching from the given index.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to find the character 'a'
      * followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use, null returns -1
      * @param startIndex  the index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge
      * @return the first index matched, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int indexOf(final StrMatcher matcher, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = Math.max(startIndex, 0);
         if (matcher == null || startIndex >= size) {
             return -1;
         }
         final int len = size;
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         for (int i = startIndex; i < len; i++) {
             if (matcher.isMatch(buf, i, startIndex, len) > 0) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param value  the value to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(int index, final boolean value) {
         validateIndex(index);
         if (value) {
             ensureCapacity(size + 4);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + 4, size - index);
             buffer[index++] = 't';
             buffer[index++] = 'r';
             buffer[index++] = 'u';
             buffer[index] = 'e';
             size += 4;
         } else {
             ensureCapacity(size + 5);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + 5, size - index);
             buffer[index++] = 'f';
             buffer[index++] = 'a';
             buffer[index++] = 'l';
             buffer[index++] = 's';
             buffer[index] = 'e';
             size += 5;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param value  the value to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final char value) {
         validateIndex(index);
         ensureCapacity(size + 1);
         System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + 1, size - index);
         buffer[index] = value;
         size++;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the character array into this builder.
      * Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param chars  the char array to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final char[] chars) {
         validateIndex(index);
         if (chars == null) {
             return insert(index, nullText);
         }
         final int len = chars.length;
         if (len > 0) {
             ensureCapacity(size + len);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + len, size - index);
             System.arraycopy(chars, 0, buffer, index, len);
             size += len;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts part of the character array into this builder.
      * Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param chars  the char array to insert
      * @param offset  the offset into the character array to start at, must be valid
      * @param length  the length of the character array part to copy, must be positive
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final char[] chars, final int offset, final int length) {
         validateIndex(index);
         if (chars == null) {
             return insert(index, nullText);
         }
         if (offset < 0 || offset > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid offset: " + offset);
         }
         if (length < 0 || offset + length > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid length: " + length);
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             ensureCapacity(size + length);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + length, size - index);
             System.arraycopy(chars, offset, buffer, index, length);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param value  the value to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final double value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param value  the value to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final float value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param value  the value to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final int value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param value  the value to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final long value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the string representation of an object into this builder.
      * Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param obj  the object to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, final Object obj) {
         if (obj == null) {
             return insert(index, nullText);
         }
         return insert(index, obj.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the string into this builder.
      * Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index  the index to add at, must be valid
      * @param str  the string to insert
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder insert(final int index, String str) {
         validateIndex(index);
         if (str == null) {
             str = nullText;
         }
         if (str != null) {
             final int strLen = str.length();
             if (strLen > 0) {
                 final int newSize = size + strLen;
                 ensureCapacity(newSize);
                 System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + strLen, size - index);
                 size = newSize;
                 str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, index);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks is the string builder is empty (convenience Collections API style method).
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as checking {@link #length()} and is provided to match the
      * API of Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code true} if the size is {@code 0}.
      */
     public boolean isEmpty() {
         return size == 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks is the string builder is not empty (convenience Collections API style method).
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as checking {@link #length()} and is provided to match the
      * API of Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code true} if the size is greater than {@code 0}.
      * @since 3.12.0
      */
     public boolean isNotEmpty() {
         return size > 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to find
      * @return the last index of the character, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final char ch) {
         return lastIndexOf(ch, size - 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch  the character to find
      * @param startIndex  the index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge
      * @return the last index of the character, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final char ch, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = startIndex >= size ? size - 1 : startIndex;
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
         for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
             if (buffer[i] == ch) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str  the string to find, null returns -1
      * @return the last index of the string, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final String str) {
         return lastIndexOf(str, size - 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified
      * string starting searching from the given index.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str  the string to find, null returns -1
      * @param startIndex  the index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge
      * @return the last index of the string, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final String str, final int startIndex) {
         return Strings.CS.lastIndexOf(this, str, startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the last match.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to find the character 'a'
      * followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use, null returns -1
      * @return the last index matched, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final StrMatcher matcher) {
         return lastIndexOf(matcher, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the last
      * match searching from the given index.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to find the character 'a'
      * followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use, null returns -1
      * @param startIndex  the index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge
      * @return the last index matched, or -1 if not found
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final StrMatcher matcher, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = startIndex >= size ? size - 1 : startIndex;
         if (matcher == null || startIndex < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         final int endIndex = startIndex + 1;
         for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
             if (matcher.isMatch(buf, i, 0, endIndex) > 0) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts the leftmost characters from the string builder without
      * throwing an exception.
      * <p>
      * This method extracts the left {@code length} characters from
      * the builder. If this many characters are not available, the whole
      * builder is returned. Thus the returned string may be shorter than the
      * length requested.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param length  the number of characters to extract, negative returns empty string
      * @return the new string
      */
     public String leftString(final int length) {
         if (length <= 0) {
             return StringUtils.EMPTY;
         }
         if (length >= size) {
             return new String(buffer, 0, size);
         }
         return new String(buffer, 0, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the length of the string builder.
      *
      * @return the length
      */
     @Override
     public int length() {
         return size;
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts some characters from the middle of the string builder without
      * throwing an exception.
      * <p>
      * This method extracts {@code length} characters from the builder
      * at the specified index.
      * If the index is negative it is treated as zero.
      * If the index is greater than the builder size, it is treated as the builder size.
      * If the length is negative, the empty string is returned.
      * If insufficient characters are available in the builder, as much as possible is returned.
      * Thus the returned string may be shorter than the length requested.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param index  the index to start at, negative means zero
      * @param length  the number of characters to extract, negative returns empty string
      * @return the new string
      */
     public String midString(int index, final int length) {
         if (index < 0) {
             index = 0;
         }
         if (length <= 0 || index >= size) {
             return StringUtils.EMPTY;
         }
         if (size <= index + length) {
             return new String(buffer, index, size - index);
         }
         return new String(buffer, index, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Minimizes the capacity to the actual length of the string.
      *
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder minimizeCapacity() {
         if (buffer.length > length()) {
             buffer = ArrayUtils.arraycopy(buffer, 0, 0, size, () -> new char[length()]);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * If possible, reads chars from the provided {@link Readable} directly into underlying
      * character buffer without making extra copies.
      *
      * @param readable  object to read from
      * @return the number of characters read
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 3.4
      * @see #appendTo(Appendable)
      */
     public int readFrom(final Readable readable) throws IOException {
         final int oldSize = size;
         if (readable instanceof Reader) {
             final Reader r = (Reader) readable;
             ensureCapacity(size + 1);
             int read;
             while ((read = r.read(buffer, size, buffer.length - size)) != -1) {
                 size += read;
                 ensureCapacity(size + 1);
             }
         } else if (readable instanceof CharBuffer) {
             final CharBuffer cb = (CharBuffer) readable;
             final int remaining = cb.remaining();
             ensureCapacity(size + remaining);
             cb.get(buffer, size, remaining);
             size += remaining;
         } else {
             while (true) {
                 ensureCapacity(size + 1);
                 final CharBuffer buf = CharBuffer.wrap(buffer, size, buffer.length - size);
                 final int read = readable.read(buf);
                 if (read == -1) {
                     break;
                 }
                 size += read;
             }
         }
         return size - oldSize;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces a portion of the string builder with another string.
      * The length of the inserted string does not have to match the removed length.
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index, exclusive, must be valid except
      *  that if too large it is treated as end of string
      * @param replaceStr  the string to replace with, null means delete range
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder replace(final int startIndex, int endIndex, final String replaceStr) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         final int insertLen = StringUtils.length(replaceStr);
         replaceImpl(startIndex, endIndex, endIndex - startIndex, replaceStr, insertLen);
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Advanced search and replaces within the builder using a matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to delete all occurrences
      * where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action
      * @param replaceStr  the string to replace the match with, null is a delete
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index, exclusive, must be valid except
      *  that if too large it is treated as end of string
      * @param replaceCount  the number of times to replace, -1 for replace all
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if start index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder replace(
             final StrMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr,
             final int startIndex, int endIndex, final int replaceCount) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         return replaceImpl(matcher, replaceStr, startIndex, endIndex, replaceCount);
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the search character with the replace character
      * throughout the builder.
      *
      * @param search  the search character
      * @param replace  the replace character
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder replaceAll(final char search, final char replace) {
         if (search != replace) {
             for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                 if (buffer[i] == search) {
                     buffer[i] = replace;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the search string with the replace string throughout the builder.
      *
      * @param searchStr  the search string, null causes no action to occur
      * @param replaceStr  the replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder replaceAll(final String searchStr, final String replaceStr) {
         final int searchLen = StringUtils.length(searchStr);
         if (searchLen > 0) {
             final int replaceLen = StringUtils.length(replaceStr);
             int index = indexOf(searchStr, 0);
             while (index >= 0) {
                 replaceImpl(index, index + searchLen, searchLen, replaceStr, replaceLen);
                 index = indexOf(searchStr, index + replaceLen);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces all matches within the builder with the replace string.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced replace behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to replace all occurrences
      * where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action
      * @param replaceStr  the replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder replaceAll(final StrMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr) {
         return replace(matcher, replaceStr, 0, size, -1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the first instance of the search character with the
      * replace character in the builder.
      *
      * @param search  the search character
      * @param replace  the replace character
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder replaceFirst(final char search, final char replace) {
         if (search != replace) {
             for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                 if (buffer[i] == search) {
                     buffer[i] = replace;
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the first instance of the search string with the replace string.
      *
      * @param searchStr  the search string, null causes no action to occur
      * @param replaceStr  the replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder replaceFirst(final String searchStr, final String replaceStr) {
         final int searchLen = StringUtils.length(searchStr);
         if (searchLen > 0) {
             final int index = indexOf(searchStr, 0);
             if (index >= 0) {
                 final int replaceLen = StringUtils.length(replaceStr);
                 replaceImpl(index, index + searchLen, searchLen, replaceStr, replaceLen);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the first match within the builder with the replace string.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced replace behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to replace
      * where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action
      * @param replaceStr  the replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder replaceFirst(final StrMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr) {
         return replace(matcher, replaceStr, 0, size, 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Internal method to delete a range without validation.
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index (exclusive), must be valid
      * @param removeLen  the length to remove (endIndex - startIndex), must be valid
      * @param insertStr  the string to replace with, null means delete range
      * @param insertLen  the length of the insert string, must be valid
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid
      */
     private void replaceImpl(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final int removeLen, final String insertStr, final int insertLen) {
         final int newSize = size - removeLen + insertLen;
         if (insertLen != removeLen) {
             ensureCapacity(newSize);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, endIndex, buffer, startIndex + insertLen, size - endIndex);
             size = newSize;
         }
         if (insertLen > 0) {
             insertStr.getChars(0, insertLen, buffer, startIndex);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces within the builder using a matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced behavior.
      * For example you could write a matcher to delete all occurrences
      * where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher  the matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action
      * @param replaceStr  the string to replace the match with, null is a delete
      * @param from  the start index, must be valid
      * @param to  the end index (exclusive), must be valid
      * @param replaceCount  the number of times to replace, -1 for replace all
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid
      */
     private StrBuilder replaceImpl(
             final StrMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr,
             final int from, int to, int replaceCount) {
         if (matcher == null || size == 0) {
             return this;
         }
         final int replaceLen = StringUtils.length(replaceStr);
         for (int i = from; i < to && replaceCount != 0; i++) {
             final char[] buf = buffer;
             final int removeLen = matcher.isMatch(buf, i, from, to);
             if (removeLen > 0) {
                 replaceImpl(i, i + removeLen, removeLen, replaceStr, replaceLen);
                 to = to - removeLen + replaceLen;
                 i = i + replaceLen - 1;
                 if (replaceCount > 0) {
                     replaceCount--;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Reverses the string builder placing each character in the opposite index.
      *
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder reverse() {
         if (size == 0) {
             return this;
         }
 
         final int half = size / 2;
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         for (int leftIdx = 0, rightIdx = size - 1; leftIdx < half; leftIdx++, rightIdx--) {
             final char swap = buf[leftIdx];
             buf[leftIdx] = buf[rightIdx];
             buf[rightIdx] = swap;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts the rightmost characters from the string builder without
      * throwing an exception.
      * <p>
      * This method extracts the right {@code length} characters from
      * the builder. If this many characters are not available, the whole
      * builder is returned. Thus the returned string may be shorter than the
      * length requested.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param length  the number of characters to extract, negative returns empty string
      * @return the new string
      */
     public String rightString(final int length) {
         if (length <= 0) {
             return StringUtils.EMPTY;
         }
         if (length >= size) {
             return new String(buffer, 0, size);
         }
         return new String(buffer, size - length, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the character at the specified index.
      *
      * @see #charAt(int)
      * @see #deleteCharAt(int)
      * @param index  the index to set
      * @param ch  the new character
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public StrBuilder setCharAt(final int index, final char ch) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
         }
         buffer[index] = ch;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Updates the length of the builder by either dropping the last characters
      * or adding filler of Unicode zero.
      *
      * @param length  the length to set to, must be zero or positive
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the length is negative
      */
     public StrBuilder setLength(final int length) {
         if (length < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(length);
         }
         if (length < size) {
             size = length;
         } else if (length > size) {
             ensureCapacity(length);
             Arrays.fill(buffer, size, length, CharUtils.NUL);
             size = length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the text to be appended when {@link #appendNewLine() new line} is called.
      *
      * @param newLine the new line text, {@code null} means use the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public StrBuilder setNewLineText(final String newLine) {
         this.newLine = newLine;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the text to be appended when null is added.
      *
      * @param nullText  the null text, null means no append
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder setNullText(String nullText) {
         if (StringUtils.isEmpty(nullText)) {
             nullText = null;
         }
         this.nullText = nullText;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the length of the string builder.
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as {@link #length()} and is provided to match the
      * API of Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return the length
      */
     public int size() {
         return size;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether this builder starts with the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that this method handles null input quietly, unlike String.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str  the string to search for, null returns false
      * @return true if the builder starts with the string
      */
     public boolean startsWith(final String str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return false;
         }
         final int len = str.length();
         if (len == 0) {
             return true;
         }
         if (len > size) {
             return false;
         }
         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             if (buffer[i] != str.charAt(i)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      * @since 3.0
      */
     @Override
     public CharSequence subSequence(final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
       if (startIndex < 0) {
           throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
       }
       if (endIndex > size) {
           throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
       }
       if (startIndex > endIndex) {
           throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex - startIndex);
       }
       return substring(startIndex, endIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts a portion of this string builder as a string.
      *
      * @param start  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @return the new string
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public String substring(final int start) {
         return substring(start, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts a portion of this string builder as a string.
      * <p>
      * Note: This method treats an endIndex greater than the length of the
      * builder as equal to the length of the builder, and continues
      * without error, unlike StringBuffer or String.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index, exclusive, must be valid except
      *  that if too large it is treated as end of string
      * @return the new string
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     public String substring(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         return new String(buffer, startIndex, endIndex - startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies the builder's character array into a new character array.
      *
      * @return a new array that represents the contents of the builder
      */
     public char[] toCharArray() {
         if (size == 0) {
             return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY;
         }
         return ArrayUtils.arraycopy(buffer, 0, 0, size, char[]::new);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies part of the builder's character array into a new character array.
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index, exclusive, must be valid except that
      *  if too large it is treated as end of string
      * @return a new array that holds part of the contents of the builder
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if startIndex is invalid,
      *  or if endIndex is invalid (but endIndex greater than size is valid)
      */
     public char[] toCharArray(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         final int len = endIndex - startIndex;
         if (len == 0) {
             return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY;
         }
         return ArrayUtils.arraycopy(buffer, startIndex, 0, len, char[]::new);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a String version of the string builder, creating a new instance
      * each time the method is called.
      * <p>
      * Note that unlike StringBuffer, the string version returned is
      * independent of the string builder.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return the builder as a String
      */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return new String(buffer, 0, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a StringBuffer version of the string builder, creating a
      * new instance each time the method is called.
      *
      * @return the builder as a StringBuffer
      */
     public StringBuffer toStringBuffer() {
         return new StringBuffer(size).append(buffer, 0, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a StringBuilder version of the string builder, creating a
      * new instance each time the method is called.
      *
      * @return the builder as a StringBuilder
      * @since 3.2
      */
     public StringBuilder toStringBuilder() {
         return new StringBuilder(size).append(buffer, 0, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Trims the builder by removing characters less than or equal to a space
      * from the beginning and end.
      *
      * @return this, to enable chaining
      */
     public StrBuilder trim() {
         if (size == 0) {
             return this;
         }
         int len = size;
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         int pos = 0;
         while (pos < len && buf[pos] <= ' ') {
             pos++;
         }
         while (pos < len && buf[len - 1] <= ' ') {
             len--;
         }
         if (len < size) {
             delete(len, size);
         }
         if (pos > 0) {
             delete(0, pos);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Validates parameters defining a single index in the builder.
      *
      * @param index  the index, must be valid
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     protected void validateIndex(final int index) {
         if (index < 0 || index > size) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Validates parameters defining a range of the builder.
      *
      * @param startIndex  the start index, inclusive, must be valid
      * @param endIndex  the end index, exclusive, must be valid except
      *  that if too large it is treated as end of string
      * @return the new string
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      */
     protected int validateRange(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
         }
         if (endIndex > size) {
             endIndex = size;
         }
         if (startIndex > endIndex) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("end < start");
         }
         return endIndex;
     }
 
 }