/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.apache.commons.text;
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.Reader;
  import java.io.Serializable;
  import java.io.Writer;
  import java.nio.CharBuffer;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Objects;
  
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.CharUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.text.matcher.StringMatcher;
  
  /**
   * Builds a string from constituent parts providing a more flexible and powerful API than {@link StringBuffer} and
   * {@link StringBuilder}.
   * <p>
   * The main differences from StringBuffer/StringBuilder are:
   * </p>
   * <ul>
   * <li>Not synchronized</li>
   * <li>Not final</li>
   * <li>Subclasses have direct access to character array</li>
   * <li>Additional methods
   * <ul>
   * <li>appendWithSeparators - adds an array of values, with a separator</li>
   * <li>appendPadding - adds a length padding characters</li>
   * <li>appendFixedLength - adds a fixed width field to the builder</li>
   * <li>toCharArray/getChars - simpler ways to get a range of the character array</li>
   * <li>delete - delete char or string</li>
   * <li>replace - search and replace for a char or string</li>
   * <li>leftString/rightString/midString - substring without exceptions</li>
   * <li>contains - whether the builder contains a char or string</li>
   * <li>size/clear/isEmpty - collections style API methods</li>
   * </ul>
   * </li>
   * <li>Views
   * <ul>
   * <li>asTokenizer - uses the internal buffer as the source of a StrTokenizer</li>
   * <li>asReader - uses the internal buffer as the source of a Reader</li>
   * <li>asWriter - allows a Writer to write directly to the internal buffer</li>
   * </ul>
   * </li>
   * </ul>
   * <p>
   * The aim has been to provide an API that mimics very closely what StringBuffer provides, but with additional methods.
   * It should be noted that some edge cases, with invalid indices or null input, have been altered - see individual
   * methods. The biggest of these changes is that by default, null will not output the text 'null'. This can be
   * controlled by a property, {@link #setNullText(String)}.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * This class is called {@code TextStringBuilder} instead of {@code StringBuilder} to avoid clashing with
   * {@link StringBuilder}.
   * </p>
   *
   * @since 1.3
   */
  public class TextStringBuilder implements CharSequence, Appendable, Serializable, Builder<String> {
  
      /**
       * Inner class to allow StrBuilder to operate as a reader.
       */
      final class TextStringBuilderReader extends Reader {
  
          /** The last mark position. */
          private int mark;
  
          /** The current stream position. */
          private int pos;
  
          /**
           * Default constructor.
           */
          TextStringBuilderReader() {
          }
  
          /** {@inheritDoc} */
          @Override
          public void close() {
             // do nothing
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void mark(final int readAheadLimit) {
             mark = pos;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public boolean markSupported() {
             return true;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public int read() {
             return ready() ? charAt(pos++) : -1;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public int read(final char[] b, final int off, int len) {
             if (off < 0 || len < 0 || off > b.length || off + len > b.length || off + len < 0) {
                 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
             }
             if (len == 0) {
                 return 0;
             }
             if (pos >= size()) {
                 return -1;
             }
             if (pos + len > size()) {
                 len = size() - pos;
             }
             TextStringBuilder.this.getChars(pos, pos + len, b, off);
             pos += len;
             return len;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public boolean ready() {
             return pos < size();
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void reset() {
             pos = mark;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public long skip(long n) {
             if (pos + n > size()) {
                 n = size() - pos;
             }
             if (n < 0) {
                 return 0;
             }
             pos = Math.addExact(pos, Math.toIntExact(n));
             return n;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Inner class to allow StrBuilder to operate as a tokenizer.
      */
     final class TextStringBuilderTokenizer extends StringTokenizer {
 
         /**
          * Default constructor.
          */
         TextStringBuilderTokenizer() {
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public String getContent() {
             final String str = super.getContent();
             return str != null ? str : TextStringBuilder.this.toString();
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         protected List<String> tokenize(final char[] chars, final int offset, final int count) {
             if (chars == null) {
                 return super.tokenize(getBuffer(), 0, TextStringBuilder.this.size());
             }
             return super.tokenize(chars, offset, count);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Inner class to allow StrBuilder to operate as a writer.
      */
     final class TextStringBuilderWriter extends Writer {
 
         /**
          * Default constructor.
          */
         TextStringBuilderWriter() {
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void close() {
             // do nothing
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void flush() {
             // do nothing
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final char[] cbuf) {
             TextStringBuilder.this.append(cbuf);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final char[] cbuf, final int off, final int len) {
             TextStringBuilder.this.append(cbuf, off, len);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final int c) {
             TextStringBuilder.this.append((char) c);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final String str) {
             TextStringBuilder.this.append(str);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public void write(final String str, final int off, final int len) {
             TextStringBuilder.this.append(str, off, len);
         }
     }
 
     /** The space character. */
     private static final char SPACE = ' ';
 
     /**
      * The extra capacity for new builders.
      */
     static final int CAPACITY = 32;
 
     /**
      * End-Of-Stream.
      */
     private static final int EOS = -1;
 
     /**
      * The size of the string {@code "false"}.
      */
     private static final int FALSE_STRING_SIZE = Boolean.FALSE.toString().length();
 
     /**
      * Required for serialization support.
      *
      * @see java.io.Serializable
      */
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
     /**
      * The size of the string {@code "true"}.
      */
     private static final int TRUE_STRING_SIZE = Boolean.TRUE.toString().length();
 
     /**
      * The maximum size buffer to allocate.
      *
      * <p>This is set to the same size used in the JDK {@link java.util.ArrayList}:</p>
      * <blockquote>
      * Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
      * Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
      * OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit.
      * </blockquote>
      */
     private static final int MAX_BUFFER_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
 
     /**
      * Creates a positive capacity at least as large the minimum required capacity.
      * If the minimum capacity is negative then this throws an OutOfMemoryError as no array
      * can be allocated.
      *
      * @param minCapacity The minimum capacity
      * @return The capacity
      * @throws OutOfMemoryError if the {@code minCapacity} is negative
      */
     private static int createPositiveCapacity(final int minCapacity) {
         if (minCapacity < 0) {
             // overflow
             throw new OutOfMemoryError("Unable to allocate array size: " + Integer.toUnsignedString(minCapacity));
         }
         // This is called when we require buffer expansion to a very big array.
         // Use the conservative maximum buffer size if possible, otherwise the biggest required.
         //
         // Note: In this situation JDK 1.8 java.util.ArrayList returns Integer.MAX_VALUE.
         // This excludes some VMs that can exceed MAX_BUFFER_SIZE but not allocate a full
         // Integer.MAX_VALUE length array.
         // The result is that we may have to allocate an array of this size more than once if
         // the capacity must be expanded again.
         return Math.max(minCapacity, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE);
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance from a reference to a character array. Changes to the input chars are reflected in this
      * instance until the internal buffer needs to be reallocated. Using a reference to an array allows the instance to
      * be initialized without copying the input array.
      *
      * @param initialBuffer The initial array that will back the new builder.
      * @return A new instance.
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public static TextStringBuilder wrap(final char[] initialBuffer) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(initialBuffer, "initialBuffer");
         return new TextStringBuilder(initialBuffer, initialBuffer.length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance from a reference to a character array. Changes to the input chars are reflected in this
      * instance until the internal buffer needs to be reallocated. Using a reference to an array allows the instance to
      * be initialized without copying the input array.
      *
      * @param initialBuffer The initial array that will back the new builder.
      * @param length The length of the subarray to be used; must be non-negative and no larger than
      *        {@code initialBuffer.length}. The new builder's size will be set to {@code length}.
      * @return A new instance.
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public static TextStringBuilder wrap(final char[] initialBuffer, final int length) {
         return new TextStringBuilder(initialBuffer, length);
     }
 
     /** Internal data storage. */
     private char[] buffer;
 
     /**
      * The new line, {@code null} means use the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      */
     private String newLine;
 
     /** The null text. */
     private String nullText;
 
     /** Incremented when the buffer is reallocated. */
     private int reallocations;
 
     /** Current size of the buffer. */
     private int size;
 
     /**
      * Constructs an empty builder with an initial capacity of 32 characters.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder() {
         this(CAPACITY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance from a reference to a character array.
      *
      * @param initialBuffer A reference to a character array, must not be null.
      * @param length        The length of the subarray to be used; must be non-negative and no larger than {@code initialBuffer.length}. The new builder's size
      *                      will be set to {@code length}.
      * @throws NullPointerException     If {@code initialBuffer} is null.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code length} is bad.
      */
     private TextStringBuilder(final char[] initialBuffer, final int length) {
         this.buffer = Objects.requireNonNull(initialBuffer, "initialBuffer");
         if (length < 0 || length > initialBuffer.length) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("initialBuffer.length=" + initialBuffer.length + ", length=" + length);
         }
         this.size = length;
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance from a character sequence, allocating 32 extra characters for growth.
      *
      * @param seq The string to copy, null treated as blank string.
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public TextStringBuilder(final CharSequence seq) {
         this(StringUtils.length(seq) + CAPACITY);
         if (seq != null) {
             append(seq);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance with the specified initial capacity.
      *
      * @param initialCapacity The initial capacity, zero or less will be converted to 32.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder(final int initialCapacity) {
         buffer = new char[initialCapacity <= 0 ? CAPACITY : initialCapacity];
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance from a string, allocating 32 extra characters for growth.
      *
      * @param str The string to copy, null treated as blank string.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder(final String str) {
         this(StringUtils.length(str) + CAPACITY);
         if (str != null) {
             append(str);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a boolean value to the string builder.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final boolean value) {
         if (value) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + TRUE_STRING_SIZE);
             appendTrue(size);
         } else {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + FALSE_STRING_SIZE);
             appendFalse(size);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char value to the string builder.
      *
      * @param ch The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     @Override
     public TextStringBuilder append(final char ch) {
         final int len = length();
         ensureCapacityInternal(len + 1);
         buffer[size++] = ch;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array to the string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars The char array to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final char[] chars) {
         if (chars == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         final int strLen = chars.length;
         if (strLen > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + strLen);
             System.arraycopy(chars, 0, buffer, len, strLen);
             size += strLen;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array to the string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars      The char array to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length     The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startIndex} is not in the range {@code 0 <= startIndex <= chars.length}.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code length < 0}.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startIndex + length > chars.length}.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final char[] chars, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (chars == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid startIndex: " + startIndex);
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid length: " + length);
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + length);
             System.arraycopy(chars, startIndex, buffer, len, length);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the contents of a char buffer to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The char buffer to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final CharBuffer str) {
         return append(str, 0, StringUtils.length(str));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the contents of a char buffer to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param buf The char buffer to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final CharBuffer buf, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (buf == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (buf.hasArray()) {
             final int totalLength = buf.remaining();
             if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > totalLength) {
                 throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
             }
             if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > totalLength) {
                 throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
             }
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + length);
             System.arraycopy(buf.array(), buf.arrayOffset() + buf.position() + startIndex, buffer, len, length);
             size += length;
         } else {
             append(buf.toString(), startIndex, length);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a CharSequence to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param seq The CharSequence to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     @Override
     public TextStringBuilder append(final CharSequence seq) {
         if (seq == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (seq instanceof TextStringBuilder) {
             return append((TextStringBuilder) seq);
         }
         if (seq instanceof StringBuilder) {
             return append((StringBuilder) seq);
         }
         if (seq instanceof StringBuffer) {
             return append((StringBuffer) seq);
         }
         if (seq instanceof CharBuffer) {
             return append((CharBuffer) seq);
         }
         return append(seq.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a CharSequence to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param seq The CharSequence to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex The end index, exclusive, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     @Override
     public TextStringBuilder append(final CharSequence seq, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
         if (seq == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (endIndex <= 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("endIndex must be valid");
         }
         if (startIndex >= endIndex) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("endIndex must be greater than startIndex");
         }
         return append(seq.toString(), startIndex, endIndex - startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a double value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final double value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a float value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final float value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an int value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final int value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a long value to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final long value) {
         return append(String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param obj The object to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final Object obj) {
         if (obj == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         if (obj instanceof CharSequence) {
             return append((CharSequence) obj);
         }
         return append(obj.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final String str) {
         return append(str, 0, StringUtils.length(str));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str        The string to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length     The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startIndex} is not in the range {@code 0 <= startIndex <= str.length()}.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code length < 0}.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startIndex + length > str.length()}.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final String str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         validateRange(startIndex, length, str.length());
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Calls {@link String#format(String, Object...)} and appends the result.
      *
      * @param format The format string.
      * @param objs   The objects to use in the format string.
      * @return {@code this} to enable chaining.
      * @see String#format(String, Object...)
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final String format, final Object... objs) {
         return append(String.format(format, objs));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string buffer to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string buffer to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final StringBuffer str) {
         return append(str, 0, StringUtils.length(str));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string buffer to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str        The string to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length     The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final StringBuffer str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         validateRange(startIndex, length, str.length());
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a StringBuilder to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The StringBuilder to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final StringBuilder str) {
         return append(str, 0, StringUtils.length(str));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a StringBuilder to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The StringBuilder to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final StringBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         validateRange(startIndex, length, str.length());
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends another string builder to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string builder to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final TextStringBuilder str) {
         return append(str, 0, StringUtils.length(str));
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string builder to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder append(final TextStringBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         if (str == null) {
             return appendNull();
         }
         validateRange(startIndex, length, str.length());
         if (length > 0) {
             final int len = length();
             ensureCapacityInternal(len + length);
             str.getChars(startIndex, startIndex + length, buffer, len);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends each item in an iterable to the builder without any separators. Appending a null iterable will have no effect. Each object is appended using
      * {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param iterable The iterable to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendAll(final Iterable<?> iterable) {
         if (iterable != null) {
             iterable.forEach(this::append);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends each item in an iterator to the builder without any separators. Appending a null iterator will have no effect. Each object is appended using
      * {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param it The iterator to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendAll(final Iterator<?> it) {
         if (it != null) {
             it.forEachRemaining(this::append);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends each item in an array to the builder without any separators. Appending a null array will have no effect. Each object is appended using
      * {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param <T>   the element type.
      * @param array The array to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public <T> TextStringBuilder appendAll(@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final T... array) {
         /*
          * @SuppressWarnings used to hide warning about vararg usage. We cannot use @SafeVarargs, since this method is
          * not final. Using @SuppressWarnings is fine, because it isn't inherited by subclasses, so each subclass must
          * vouch for itself whether its use of 'array' is safe.
          */
         if (array != null && array.length > 0) {
             for (final Object element : array) {
                 append(element);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /** Appends {@code "false"}. */
     private void appendFalse(int index) {
         buffer[index++] = 'f';
         buffer[index++] = 'a';
         buffer[index++] = 'l';
         buffer[index++] = 's';
         buffer[index] = 'e';
         size += FALSE_STRING_SIZE;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the left to a fixed width. The {@code String.valueOf} of the {@code int} value is used. If the formatted
      * value is larger than the length, the left hand side is lost.
      *
      * @param value   The value to append.
      * @param width   The fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect.
      * @param padChar The pad character to use.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendFixedWidthPadLeft(final int value, final int width, final char padChar) {
         return appendFixedWidthPadLeft(String.valueOf(value), width, padChar);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the left to a fixed width. The {@code toString} of the object is used. If the object is larger than the
      * length, the left hand side is lost. If the object is null, the null text value is used.
      *
      * @param obj     The object to append, null uses null text.
      * @param width   The fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect.
      * @param padChar The pad character to use.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendFixedWidthPadLeft(final Object obj, final int width, final char padChar) {
         if (width > 0) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + width);
             String str = Objects.toString(obj, getNullText());
             if (str == null) {
                 str = StringUtils.EMPTY;
             }
             final int strLen = str.length();
             if (strLen >= width) {
                 str.getChars(strLen - width, strLen, buffer, size);
             } else {
                 final int padLen = width - strLen;
                 final int toIndex = size + padLen;
                 Arrays.fill(buffer, size, toIndex, padChar);
                 str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, toIndex);
             }
             size += width;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the right to a fixed length. The {@code String.valueOf} of the {@code int} value is used. If the object is
      * larger than the length, the right hand side is lost.
      *
      * @param value   The value to append.
      * @param width   The fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect.
      * @param padChar The pad character to use.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendFixedWidthPadRight(final int value, final int width, final char padChar) {
         return appendFixedWidthPadRight(String.valueOf(value), width, padChar);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object to the builder padding on the right to a fixed length. The {@code toString} of the object is used. If the object is larger than the
      * length, the right hand side is lost. If the object is null, null text value is used.
      *
      * @param obj     The object to append, null uses null text.
      * @param width   The fixed field width, zero or negative has no effect.
      * @param padChar The pad character to use.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendFixedWidthPadRight(final Object obj, final int width, final char padChar) {
         if (width > 0) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + width);
             String str = Objects.toString(obj, getNullText());
             if (str == null) {
                 str = StringUtils.EMPTY;
             }
             final int strLen = str.length();
             if (strLen >= width) {
                 str.getChars(0, width, buffer, size);
             } else {
                 str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, size);
                 final int fromIndex = size + strLen;
                 Arrays.fill(buffer, fromIndex, fromIndex + width - strLen, padChar);
             }
             size += width;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a boolean value followed by a new line to the string builder.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final boolean value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char value followed by a new line to the string builder.
      *
      * @param ch The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final char ch) {
         return append(ch).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array followed by a new line to the string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars The char array to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final char[] chars) {
         return append(chars).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a char array followed by a new line to the string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param chars The char array to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final char[] chars, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(chars, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a double value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final double value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a float value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final float value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an int value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final int value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a long value followed by a new line to the string builder using {@code String.valueOf}.
      *
      * @param value The value to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final long value) {
         return append(value).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an object followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param obj The object to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final Object obj) {
         return append(obj).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final String str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final String str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Calls {@link String#format(String, Object...)} and appends the result.
      *
      * @param format The format string.
      * @param objs The objects to use in the format string.
      * @return {@code this} to enable chaining.
      * @see String#format(String, Object...)
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final String format, final Object... objs) {
         return append(format, objs).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string buffer followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string buffer to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final StringBuffer str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string buffer followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final StringBuffer str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a string builder followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string builder to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final StringBuilder str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string builder followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string builder to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final StringBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends another string builder followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string builder to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final TextStringBuilder str) {
         return append(str).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends part of a string builder followed by a new line to this string builder. Appending null will call
      * {@link #appendNull()}.
      *
      * @param str The string to append.
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param length The length to append, must be valid.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendln(final TextStringBuilder str, final int startIndex, final int length) {
         return append(str, startIndex, length).appendNewLine();
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends this builder's new line string to this builder.
      * <p>
      * By default, the new line is the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The new line string can be changed using {@link #setNewLineText(String)}. For example, you can use this to force the output to always use Unix line
      * endings even when on Windows.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @see #getNewLineText()
      * @see #setNewLineText(String)
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendNewLine() {
         return append(newLine == null ? System.lineSeparator() : newLine);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the text representing {@code null} to this string builder.
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendNull() {
         return nullText != null ? append(nullText) : this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends the pad character to the builder the specified number of times.
      *
      * @param length The length to append, negative means no append.
      * @param padChar The character to append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendPadding(final int length, final char padChar) {
         if (length >= 0) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + length);
             for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                 buffer[size++] = padChar;
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator if the builder is currently non-empty. The separator is appended using {@link #append(char)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the loop except the first.
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
      *     appendSeparator(',');
      *     append(it.next());
      * }
      * </pre>
      *
      * <p>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param separator The separator to use.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendSeparator(final char separator) {
         return isEmpty() ? this : append(separator);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends one of both separators to the builder If the builder is currently empty it will append the defaultIfEmpty-separator Otherwise it will append the
      * standard-separator
      * <p>
      * The separator is appended using {@link #append(char)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param standard       The separator if builder is not empty.
      * @param defaultIfEmpty The separator if builder is empty.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendSeparator(final char standard, final char defaultIfEmpty) {
         return append(isEmpty() ? defaultIfEmpty : standard);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator to the builder if the loop index is greater than zero. The separator is appended using
      * {@link #append(char)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the loop except the first.
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * for (int i = 0; i &lt; list.size(); i++) {
      *     appendSeparator(",", i);
      *     append(list.get(i));
      * }
      * </pre>
      *
      * <p>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param separator The separator to use.
      * @param loopIndex The loop index.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendSeparator(final char separator, final int loopIndex) {
         return loopIndex > 0 ? append(separator) : this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator if the builder is currently non-empty. Appending a null separator will have no effect. The
      * separator is appended using {@link #append(String)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the loop except the first.
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
      *     appendSeparator(",");
      *     append(it.next());
      * }
      * </pre>
      *
      * <p>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param separator The separator to use, null means no separator.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendSeparator(final String separator) {
         return appendSeparator(separator, null);
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends a separator to the builder if the loop index is greater than zero. Appending a null separator will have
      * no effect. The separator is appended using {@link #append(String)}.
      * <p>
      * This method is useful for adding a separator each time around the loop except the first.
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * for (int i = 0; i &lt; list.size(); i++) {
      *     appendSeparator(",", i);
      *     append(list.get(i));
      * }
      * </pre>
      *
      * <p>
      * Note that for this simple example, you should use {@link #appendWithSeparators(Iterable, String)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param separator The separator to use, null means no separator.
      * @param loopIndex The loop index.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendSeparator(final String separator, final int loopIndex) {
         return separator != null && loopIndex > 0 ? append(separator) : this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends one of both separators to the StrBuilder. If the builder is currently empty, it will append the
      * defaultIfEmpty-separator, otherwise it will append the standard-separator.
      * <p>
      * Appending a null separator will have no effect. The separator is appended using {@link #append(String)}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * This method is for example useful for constructing queries
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * StrBuilder whereClause = new StrBuilder();
      * if (searchCommand.getPriority() != null) {
      *  whereClause.appendSeparator(" and", " where");
      *  whereClause.append(" priority = ?")
      * }
      * if (searchCommand.getComponent() != null) {
      *  whereClause.appendSeparator(" and", " where");
      *  whereClause.append(" component = ?")
      * }
      * selectClause.append(whereClause)
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param standard The separator if builder is not empty, null means no separator.
      * @param defaultIfEmpty The separator if builder is empty, null means no separator.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendSeparator(final String standard, final String defaultIfEmpty) {
         final String str = isEmpty() ? defaultIfEmpty : standard;
         return str != null ? append(str) : this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends current contents of this {@code StrBuilder} to the provided {@link Appendable}.
      * <p>
      * This method tries to avoid doing any extra copies of contents.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param appendable The appendable to append data to.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see #readFrom(Readable)
      */
     public void appendTo(final Appendable appendable) throws IOException {
         if (appendable instanceof Writer) {
             ((Writer) appendable).write(buffer, 0, size);
         } else if (appendable instanceof StringBuilder) {
             ((StringBuilder) appendable).append(buffer, 0, size);
         } else if (appendable instanceof StringBuffer) {
             ((StringBuffer) appendable).append(buffer, 0, size);
         } else if (appendable instanceof CharBuffer) {
             ((CharBuffer) appendable).put(buffer, 0, size);
         } else {
             appendable.append(this);
         }
     }
 
     /** Appends {@code "true"}. */
     private void appendTrue(int index) {
         buffer[index++] = 't';
         buffer[index++] = 'r';
         buffer[index++] = 'u';
         buffer[index] = 'e';
         size += TRUE_STRING_SIZE;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an iterable placing separators between each value, but not before the first or after the last. Appending
      * a null iterable will have no effect. Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param iterable The iterable to append.
      * @param separator The separator to use, null means no separator.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendWithSeparators(final Iterable<?> iterable, final String separator) {
         if (iterable != null) {
             appendWithSeparators(iterable.iterator(), separator);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an iterator placing separators between each value, but not before the first or after the last. Appending
      * a null iterator will have no effect. Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param it The iterator to append.
      * @param separator The separator to use, null means no separator.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendWithSeparators(final Iterator<?> it, final String separator) {
         if (it != null) {
             final String sep = Objects.toString(separator, StringUtils.EMPTY);
             while (it.hasNext()) {
                 append(it.next());
                 if (it.hasNext()) {
                     append(sep);
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Appends an array placing separators between each value, but not before the first or after the last. Appending a
      * null array will have no effect. Each object is appended using {@link #append(Object)}.
      *
      * @param array The array to append.
      * @param separator The separator to use, null means no separator.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder appendWithSeparators(final Object[] array, final String separator) {
         if (array != null && array.length > 0) {
             final String sep = Objects.toString(separator, StringUtils.EMPTY);
             append(array[0]);
             for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
                 append(sep).append(array[i]);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the contents of this builder as a Reader.
      * <p>
      * This method allows the contents of the builder to be read using any standard method that expects a Reader.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * To use, simply create a {@code StrBuilder}, populate it with data, call {@code asReader}, and then read away.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The internal character array is shared between the builder and the reader. This allows you to append to the
      * builder after creating the reader, and the changes will be picked up. Note however, that no synchronization
      * occurs, so you must perform all operations with the builder and the reader in one thread.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The returned reader supports marking, and ignores the flush method.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return A reader that reads from this builder.
      */
     public Reader asReader() {
         return new TextStringBuilderReader();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a tokenizer that can tokenize the contents of this builder.
      * <p>
      * This method allows the contents of this builder to be tokenized. The tokenizer will be setup by default to
      * tokenize on space, tab, newline and form feed (as per StringTokenizer). These values can be changed on the
      * tokenizer class, before retrieving the tokens.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The returned tokenizer is linked to this builder. You may intermix calls to the builder and tokenizer within
      * certain limits, however there is no synchronization. Once the tokenizer has been used once, it must be
      * {@link StringTokenizer#reset() reset} to pickup the latest changes in the builder. For example:
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * StrBuilder b = new StrBuilder();
      * b.append("a b ");
      * StrTokenizer t = b.asTokenizer();
      * String[] tokens1 = t.getTokenArray(); // returns a,b
      * b.append("c d ");
      * String[] tokens2 = t.getTokenArray(); // returns a,b (c and d ignored)
      * t.reset(); // reset causes builder changes to be picked up
      * String[] tokens3 = t.getTokenArray(); // returns a,b,c,d
      * </pre>
      *
      * <p>
      * In addition to simply intermixing appends and tokenization, you can also call the set methods on the tokenizer to
      * alter how it tokenizes. Just remember to call reset when you want to pickup builder changes.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * Calling {@link StringTokenizer#reset(String)} or {@link StringTokenizer#reset(char[])} with a non-null value will
      * break the link with the builder.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return A tokenizer that is linked to this builder.
      */
     public StringTokenizer asTokenizer() {
         return new TextStringBuilderTokenizer();
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets this builder as a Writer that can be written to.
      * <p>
      * This method allows you to populate the contents of the builder using any standard method that takes a Writer.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * To use, simply create a {@code StrBuilder}, call {@code asWriter}, and populate away. The data is available at
      * any time using the methods of the {@code StrBuilder}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The internal character array is shared between the builder and the writer. This allows you to intermix calls that
      * append to the builder and write using the writer and the changes will be occur correctly. Note however, that no
      * synchronization occurs, so you must perform all operations with the builder and the writer in one thread.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * The returned writer ignores the close and flush methods.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return A writer that populates this builder.
      */
     public Writer asWriter() {
         return new TextStringBuilderWriter();
     }
 
     /**
      * Converts this instance to a String.
      *
      * @return This instance as a String.
      * @see #toString()
      * @deprecated Use {@link #get()}.
      */
     @Deprecated
     @Override
     public String build() {
         return toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the current size of the internal character array buffer.
      *
      * @return The capacity.
      */
     public int capacity() {
         return buffer.length;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the character at the specified index.
      *
      * @param index The index to retrieve, must be valid.
      * @return The character at the index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      * @see #setCharAt(int, char)
      * @see #deleteCharAt(int)
      */
     @Override
     public char charAt(final int index) {
         validateIndex(index);
         return buffer[index];
     }
 
     /**
      * Clears the string builder (convenience Collections API style method).
      * <p>
      * This method does not reduce the size of the internal character buffer. To do that, call {@code clear()} followed
      * by {@link #minimizeCapacity()}.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as {@link #setLength(int)} called with zero and is provided to match the API of
      * Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder clear() {
         size = 0;
         Arrays.fill(buffer, CharUtils.NUL);
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the string builder contains the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch The character to find.
      * @return true if the builder contains the character.
      */
     public boolean contains(final char ch) {
         final char[] thisBuf = buffer;
         for (int i = 0; i < this.size; i++) {
             if (thisBuf[i] == ch) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the string builder contains the specified string.
      *
      * @param str The string to find.
      * @return true if the builder contains the string.
      */
     public boolean contains(final String str) {
         return indexOf(str, 0) >= 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the string builder contains a string matched using the specified matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior. For example you could write a matcher to search for
      * the character 'a' followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use, null returns -1.
      * @return true if the matcher finds a match in the builder.
      */
     public boolean contains(final StringMatcher matcher) {
         return indexOf(matcher, 0) >= 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the characters between the two specified indices.
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex The end index, exclusive, must be valid except that if too large it is treated as end of string.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder delete(final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
         final int actualEndIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         final int len = actualEndIndex - startIndex;
         if (len > 0) {
             deleteImpl(startIndex, actualEndIndex, len);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the character wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param ch The character to delete.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteAll(final char ch) {
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             if (buffer[i] == ch) {
                 final int start = i;
                 while (++i < size) {
                     if (buffer[i] != ch) {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
                 final int len = i - start;
                 deleteImpl(start, i, len);
                 i -= len;
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the string wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param str The string to delete, null causes no action.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteAll(final String str) {
         final int len = str == null ? 0 : str.length();
         if (len > 0) {
             int index = indexOf(str, 0);
             while (index >= 0) {
                 deleteImpl(index, index + len, len);
                 index = indexOf(str, index);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes all parts of the builder that the matcher matches.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced deletion behavior. For example you could write a matcher to delete all
      * occurrences where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteAll(final StringMatcher matcher) {
         return replace(matcher, null, 0, size, -1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the character at the specified index.
      *
      * @param index The index to delete.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      * @see #charAt(int)
      * @see #setCharAt(int, char)
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteCharAt(final int index) {
         validateIndex(index);
         deleteImpl(index, index + 1, 1);
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the character wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param ch The character to delete.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteFirst(final char ch) {
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             if (buffer[i] == ch) {
                 deleteImpl(i, i + 1, 1);
                 break;
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the string wherever it occurs in the builder.
      *
      * @param str The string to delete, null causes no action.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteFirst(final String str) {
         final int len = str == null ? 0 : str.length();
         if (len > 0) {
             final int index = indexOf(str, 0);
             if (index >= 0) {
                 deleteImpl(index, index + len, len);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the first match within the builder using the specified matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced deletion behavior. For example you could write a matcher to delete where
      * the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder deleteFirst(final StringMatcher matcher) {
         return replace(matcher, null, 0, size, 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Internal method to delete a range without validation.
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex The end index (exclusive), must be valid.
      * @param len The length, must be valid.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid.
      */
     private void deleteImpl(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final int len) {
         System.arraycopy(buffer, endIndex, buffer, startIndex, size - endIndex);
         size -= len;
         Arrays.fill(buffer, size, size + len, CharUtils.NUL);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the character at the specified index before deleting it.
      *
      * @param index The index to retrieve, must be valid
      * @return The character at the index
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      * @since 1.9
      * @see #charAt(int)
      * @see #deleteCharAt(int)
      */
     public char drainChar(final int index) {
         validateIndex(index);
         final char c = buffer[index];
         deleteCharAt(index);
         return c;
     }
 
     /**
      * Drains (copies, then deletes) this character sequence into the specified array. This is equivalent to copying the
      * characters from this sequence into the target and then deleting those character from this sequence.
      *
      * @param startIndex first index to copy, inclusive.
      * @param endIndex last index to copy, exclusive.
      * @param target The target array, must not be {@code null}.
      * @param targetIndex The index to start copying in the target.
      * @return How many characters where copied (then deleted). If this builder is empty, return {@code 0}.
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public int drainChars(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final char[] target, final int targetIndex) {
         final int length = endIndex - startIndex;
         if (isEmpty() || length == 0 || target.length == 0) {
             return 0;
         }
         final int actualLen = Math.min(Math.min(size, length), target.length - targetIndex);
         getChars(startIndex, actualLen, target, targetIndex);
         delete(startIndex, actualLen);
         return actualLen;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether this builder ends with the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that this method handles null input quietly, unlike String.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str The string to search for, null returns false.
      * @return true if the builder ends with the string.
      */
     public boolean endsWith(final String str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return false;
         }
         final int len = str.length();
         if (len == 0) {
             return true;
         }
         if (len > size) {
             return false;
         }
         int pos = size - len;
         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++, pos++) {
             if (buffer[pos] != str.charAt(i)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests the capacity and ensures that it is at least the size specified.
      *
      * <p>
      * Note: This method can be used to minimise memory reallocations during
      * repeated addition of values by pre-allocating the character buffer.
      * The method ignores a negative {@code capacity} argument.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param capacity The capacity to ensure.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws OutOfMemoryError if the capacity cannot be allocated.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder ensureCapacity(final int capacity) {
         if (capacity > 0) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(capacity);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Ensures that the buffer is at least the size specified. The {@code capacity} argument
      * is treated as an unsigned integer.
      *
      * <p>
      * This method will raise an {@link OutOfMemoryError} if the capacity is too large
      * for an array, or cannot be allocated.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param capacity The capacity to ensure.
      * @throws OutOfMemoryError if the capacity cannot be allocated.
      */
     private void ensureCapacityInternal(final int capacity) {
         // Check for overflow of the current buffer.
         // Assumes capacity is an unsigned integer up to Integer.MAX_VALUE * 2
         // (the largest possible addition of two maximum length arrays).
         if (capacity - buffer.length > 0) {
             resizeBuffer(capacity);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests the contents of this builder against another to see if they contain the same character content.
      *
      * @param obj The object to check, null returns false.
      * @return true if the builders contain the same characters in the same order.
      */
     @Override
     public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
         return obj instanceof TextStringBuilder && equals((TextStringBuilder) obj);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests the contents of this builder against another to see if they contain the same character content.
      *
      * @param other The object to check, null returns false.
      * @return true if the builders contain the same characters in the same order.
      */
     public boolean equals(final TextStringBuilder other) {
         if (this == other) {
             return true;
         }
         if (other == null) {
             return false;
         }
         if (this.size != other.size) {
             return false;
         }
         // Be aware not to use Arrays.equals(buffer, other.buffer) for equals() method
         // as length of the buffers may be different (TEXT-211)
         final char[] thisBuf = this.buffer;
         final char[] otherBuf = other.buffer;
         for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             if (thisBuf[i] != otherBuf[i]) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests the contents of this builder against another to see if they contain the same character content ignoring
      * case.
      *
      * @param other The object to check, null returns false.
      * @return true if the builders contain the same characters in the same order.
      */
     public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(final TextStringBuilder other) {
         if (this == other) {
             return true;
         }
         if (this.size != other.size) {
             return false;
         }
         final char[] thisBuf = this.buffer;
         final char[] otherBuf = other.buffer;
         for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             final char c1 = thisBuf[i];
             final char c2 = otherBuf[i];
             if (c1 != c2) {
                 final char u1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                 final char u2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                 if (u1 != u2 && Character.toLowerCase(u1) != Character.toLowerCase(u2)) {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Converts this instance to a String.
      *
      * @return This instance as a String.
      * @see #toString()
      * @since 1.12.0
      */
     @Override
     public String get() {
         return toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a direct reference to internal storage, not for public consumption.
      */
     char[] getBuffer() {
         return buffer;
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies this character array into the specified array.
      *
      * @param target The target array, null will cause an array to be created.
      * @return The input array, unless that was null or too small.
      */
     public char[] getChars(char[] target) {
         final int len = length();
         if (target == null || target.length < len) {
             target = new char[len];
         }
         System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, target, 0, len);
         return target;
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies this character array into the specified array.
      *
      * @param startIndex first index to copy, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex last index to copy, exclusive, must be valid.
      * @param target The target array, must not be null or too small.
      * @param targetIndex The index to start copying in target.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the array is null.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid.
      */
     public void getChars(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final char[] target, final int targetIndex) {
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
         }
         if (endIndex < 0 || endIndex > length()) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
         }
         if (startIndex > endIndex) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("end < start");
         }
         System.arraycopy(buffer, startIndex, target, targetIndex, endIndex - startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the text to be appended when a {@link #appendNewLine() new line} is added.
      *
      * @return The new line text, {@code null} means use the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      */
     public String getNewLineText() {
         return newLine;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the text to be appended when null is added.
      *
      * @return The null text, null means no append.
      */
     public String getNullText() {
         return nullText;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a suitable hash code for this builder.
      *
      * @return A hash code.
      */
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
         // no allocation
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         int result = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             result = 31 * result + buf[i];
         }
         return result;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch The character to find.
      * @return The first index of the character, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int indexOf(final char ch) {
         return indexOf(ch, 0);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch The character to find.
      * @param startIndex The index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge.
      * @return The first index of the character, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int indexOf(final char ch, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = Math.max(0, startIndex);
         if (startIndex >= size) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         final char[] thisBuf = buffer;
         for (int i = startIndex; i < size; i++) {
             if (thisBuf[i] == ch) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str The string to find, null returns -1.
      * @return The first index of the string, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int indexOf(final String str) {
         return indexOf(str, 0);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the first reference to the specified string starting searching from the given
      * index.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str The string to find, null returns -1.
      * @param startIndex The index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge.
      * @return The first index of the string, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int indexOf(final String str, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = Math.max(0, startIndex);
         if (str == null || startIndex >= size) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         final int strLen = str.length();
         if (strLen == 1) {
             return indexOf(str.charAt(0), startIndex);
         }
         if (strLen == 0) {
             return startIndex;
         }
         if (strLen > size) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         final char[] thisBuf = buffer;
         final int searchLen = size - strLen + 1;
         for (int i = startIndex; i < searchLen; i++) {
             boolean found = true;
             for (int j = 0; j < strLen && found; j++) {
                 found = str.charAt(j) == thisBuf[i + j];
             }
             if (found) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the first match.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior. For example you could write a matcher to find the
      * character 'a' followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use, null returns -1.
      * @return The first index matched, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int indexOf(final StringMatcher matcher) {
         return indexOf(matcher, 0);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the first match searching from the given index.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior. For example you could write a matcher to find the
      * character 'a' followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use, null returns -1.
      * @param startIndex The index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge.
      * @return The first index matched, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int indexOf(final StringMatcher matcher, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = Math.max(0, startIndex);
         if (matcher == null || startIndex >= size) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         final int len = size;
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         for (int i = startIndex; i < len; i++) {
             if (matcher.isMatch(buf, i, startIndex, len) > 0) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param value The value to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final boolean value) {
         validateRange(index, size);
         if (value) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + TRUE_STRING_SIZE);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + TRUE_STRING_SIZE, size - index);
             appendTrue(index);
         } else {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + FALSE_STRING_SIZE);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + FALSE_STRING_SIZE, size - index);
             appendFalse(index);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param value The value to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final char value) {
         validateRange(index, size);
         ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);
         System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + 1, size - index);
         buffer[index] = value;
         size++;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the character array into this builder. Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param chars The char array to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final char[] chars) {
         validateRange(index, size);
         if (chars == null) {
             return insert(index, nullText);
         }
         final int len = chars.length;
         if (len > 0) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + len);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + len, size - index);
             System.arraycopy(chars, 0, buffer, index, len);
             size += len;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts part of the character array into this builder. Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param chars The char array to insert.
      * @param offset The offset into the character array to start at, must be valid.
      * @param length The length of the character array part to copy, must be positive.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final char[] chars, final int offset, final int length) {
         validateRange(index, size);
         if (chars == null) {
             return insert(index, nullText);
         }
         if (offset < 0 || offset > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid offset: " + offset);
         }
         if (length < 0 || offset + length > chars.length) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("Invalid length: " + length);
         }
         if (length > 0) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + length);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + length, size - index);
             System.arraycopy(chars, offset, buffer, index, length);
             size += length;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param value The value to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final double value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param value The value to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final float value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param value The value to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final int value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the value into this builder.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param value The value to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final long value) {
         return insert(index, String.valueOf(value));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the string representation of an object into this builder. Inserting null will use the stored null text
      * value.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param obj The object to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, final Object obj) {
         return insert(index, Objects.toString(obj, nullText));
     }
 
     /**
      * Inserts the string into this builder. Inserting null will use the stored null text value.
      *
      * @param index The index to add at, must be valid.
      * @param str The string to insert.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder insert(final int index, String str) {
         validateRange(index, size);
         if (str == null) {
             str = nullText;
         }
         if (str != null) {
             final int strLen = str.length();
             if (strLen > 0) {
                 final int newSize = size + strLen;
                 ensureCapacityInternal(newSize);
                 System.arraycopy(buffer, index, buffer, index + strLen, size - index);
                 size = newSize;
                 str.getChars(0, strLen, buffer, index);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks is the string builder is empty (convenience Collections API style method).
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as checking {@link #length()} and is provided to match the API of Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code true} if the size is {@code 0}.
      */
     public boolean isEmpty() {
         return size == 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks is the string builder is not empty.
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as checking {@link #length()}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return {@code true} if the size is not {@code 0}.
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public boolean isNotEmpty() {
         return size != 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets whether the internal buffer has been reallocated.
      *
      * @return Whether the internal buffer has been reallocated.
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public boolean isReallocated() {
         return reallocations > 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch The character to find.
      * @return The last index of the character, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final char ch) {
         return lastIndexOf(ch, size - 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified char.
      *
      * @param ch The character to find.
      * @param startIndex The index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge.
      * @return The last index of the character, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final char ch, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = startIndex >= size ? size - 1 : startIndex;
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
             if (buffer[i] == ch) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str The string to find, null returns -1.
      * @return The last index of the string, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final String str) {
         return lastIndexOf(str, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder to find the last reference to the specified string starting searching from the given
      * index.
      * <p>
      * Note that a null input string will return -1, whereas the JDK throws an exception.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str The string to find, null returns -1.
      * @param startIndex The index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge.
      * @return The last index of the string, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final String str, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = Math.min(startIndex, size);
         if (str == null || startIndex < 0) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         final int strLen = str.length();
         if (strLen == 0) {
             return startIndex;
         }
         if (startIndex >= size) {
             startIndex = size - 1;
         }
         if (strLen > size) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         if (strLen == 1) {
             return lastIndexOf(str.charAt(0), startIndex);
         }
         for (int i = startIndex - strLen + 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             boolean found = true;
             for (int j = 0; j < strLen && found; j++) {
                 found = str.charAt(j) == buffer[i + j];
             }
             if (found) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the last match.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior. For example you could write a matcher to find the
      * character 'a' followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use, null returns -1.
      * @return The last index matched, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final StringMatcher matcher) {
         return lastIndexOf(matcher, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the string builder using the matcher to find the last match searching from the given index.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced searching behavior. For example you could write a matcher to find the
      * character 'a' followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use, null returns -1.
      * @param startIndex The index to start at, invalid index rounded to edge.
      * @return The last index matched, or -1 if not found.
      */
     public int lastIndexOf(final StringMatcher matcher, int startIndex) {
         startIndex = startIndex >= size ? size - 1 : startIndex;
         if (matcher == null || startIndex < 0) {
             return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
         }
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         final int endIndex = startIndex + 1;
         for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
             if (matcher.isMatch(buf, i, 0, endIndex) > 0) {
                 return i;
             }
         }
         return StringUtils.INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts the leftmost characters from the string builder without throwing an exception.
      * <p>
      * This method extracts the left {@code length} characters from the builder. If this many characters are not
      * available, the whole builder is returned. Thus the returned string may be shorter than the length requested.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param length The number of characters to extract, negative returns empty string.
      * @return The new string.
      */
     public String leftString(final int length) {
         if (length <= 0) {
             return StringUtils.EMPTY;
         }
         if (length >= size) {
             return new String(buffer, 0, size);
         }
         return new String(buffer, 0, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the length of the string builder.
      *
      * @return The length
      */
     @Override
     public int length() {
         return size;
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts some characters from the middle of the string builder without throwing an exception.
      * <p>
      * This method extracts {@code length} characters from the builder at the specified index. If the index is negative
      * it is treated as zero. If the index is greater than the builder size, it is treated as the builder size. If the
      * length is negative, the empty string is returned. If insufficient characters are available in the builder, as
      * much as possible is returned. Thus the returned string may be shorter than the length requested.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param index The index to start at, negative means zero.
      * @param length The number of characters to extract, negative returns empty string.
      * @return The new string.
      */
     public String midString(int index, final int length) {
         if (index < 0) {
             index = 0;
         }
         if (length <= 0 || index >= size) {
             return StringUtils.EMPTY;
         }
         if (size <= index + length) {
             return new String(buffer, index, size - index);
         }
         return new String(buffer, index, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Minimizes the capacity to the actual length of the string.
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder minimizeCapacity() {
         if (buffer.length > size) {
             reallocate(size);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * If possible, reads chars from the provided {@link CharBuffer} directly into underlying character buffer without
      * making extra copies.
      *
      * @param charBuffer CharBuffer to read.
      * @return The number of characters read.
      * @see #appendTo(Appendable)
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public int readFrom(final CharBuffer charBuffer) {
         final int oldSize = size;
         final int remaining = charBuffer.remaining();
         ensureCapacityInternal(size + remaining);
         charBuffer.get(buffer, size, remaining);
         size += remaining;
         return size - oldSize;
     }
 
     /**
      * If possible, reads all chars from the provided {@link Readable} directly into underlying character buffer without
      * making extra copies.
      *
      * @param readable object to read from.
      * @return The number of characters read.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see #appendTo(Appendable)
      */
     public int readFrom(final Readable readable) throws IOException {
         if (readable instanceof Reader) {
             return readFrom((Reader) readable);
         }
         if (readable instanceof CharBuffer) {
             return readFrom((CharBuffer) readable);
         }
         final int oldSize = size;
         while (true) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);
             final CharBuffer buf = CharBuffer.wrap(buffer, size, buffer.length - size);
             final int read = readable.read(buf);
             if (read == EOS) {
                 break;
             }
             size += read;
         }
         return size - oldSize;
     }
 
     /**
      * If possible, reads all chars from the provided {@link Reader} directly into underlying character buffer without
      * making extra copies.
      *
      * @param reader Reader to read.
      * @return The number of characters read or -1 if we reached the end of stream.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see #appendTo(Appendable)
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public int readFrom(final Reader reader) throws IOException {
         final int oldSize = size;
         ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);
         int readCount = reader.read(buffer, size, buffer.length - size);
         if (readCount == EOS) {
             return EOS;
         }
         do {
             size += readCount;
             ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);
             readCount = reader.read(buffer, size, buffer.length - size);
         } while (readCount != EOS);
         return size - oldSize;
     }
 
     /**
      * If possible, reads {@code count} chars from the provided {@link Reader} directly into underlying character buffer without making extra copies.
      *
      * @param reader Reader to read.
      * @param count  The maximum characters to read, a value &lt;= 0 returns 0.
      * @return The number of characters read. If less than {@code count}, then we've reached the end-of-stream, or -1 if we reached the end of stream.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see #appendTo(Appendable)
      * @since 1.9
      */
     public int readFrom(final Reader reader, final int count) throws IOException {
         if (count <= 0) {
             return 0;
         }
         final int oldSize = size;
         ensureCapacityInternal(size + count);
         int target = count;
         int readCount = reader.read(buffer, size, target);
         if (readCount == EOS) {
             return EOS;
         }
         do {
             target -= readCount;
             size += readCount;
             readCount = reader.read(buffer, size, target);
         } while (target > 0 && readCount != EOS);
         return size - oldSize;
     }
 
     /**
      * Reallocates the buffer to the new length.
      *
      * @param newLength The length of the copy to be returned.
      */
     private void reallocate(final int newLength) {
         this.buffer = Arrays.copyOf(buffer, newLength);
         this.reallocations++;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces a portion of the string builder with another string. The length of the inserted string does not have to match the removed length.
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex   The end index, exclusive, must be valid except that if too large it is treated as end of string.
      * @param replaceStr The string to replace with, null means delete range.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replace(final int startIndex, int endIndex, final String replaceStr) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         final int insertLen = replaceStr == null ? 0 : replaceStr.length();
         replaceImpl(startIndex, endIndex, endIndex - startIndex, replaceStr, insertLen);
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Advanced search and replaces within the builder using a matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced behavior. For example you could write a matcher to delete all occurrences where the character 'a' is followed by
      * a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher      The matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action.
      * @param replaceStr   The string to replace the match with, null is a delete.
      * @param startIndex   The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex     The end index, exclusive, must be valid except that if too large it is treated as end of string.
      * @param replaceCount The number of times to replace, -1 for replace all.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if start index is invalid.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replace(final StringMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr, final int startIndex,
         int endIndex, final int replaceCount) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         return replaceImpl(matcher, replaceStr, startIndex, endIndex, replaceCount);
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the search character with the replace character throughout the builder.
      *
      * @param search The search character.
      * @param replace The replace character.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replaceAll(final char search, final char replace) {
         if (search != replace) {
             for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                 if (buffer[i] == search) {
                     buffer[i] = replace;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the search string with the replace string throughout the builder.
      *
      * @param searchStr The search string, null causes no action to occur.
      * @param replaceStr The replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replaceAll(final String searchStr, final String replaceStr) {
         final int searchLen = searchStr == null ? 0 : searchStr.length();
         if (searchLen > 0) {
             final int replaceLen = replaceStr == null ? 0 : replaceStr.length();
             int index = indexOf(searchStr, 0);
             while (index >= 0) {
                 replaceImpl(index, index + searchLen, searchLen, replaceStr, replaceLen);
                 index = indexOf(searchStr, index + replaceLen);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces all matches within the builder with the replace string.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced replace behavior. For example you could write a matcher to replace all
      * occurrences where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action.
      * @param replaceStr The replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replaceAll(final StringMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr) {
         return replace(matcher, replaceStr, 0, size, -1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the first instance of the search character with the replace character in the builder.
      *
      * @param search The search character.
      * @param replace The replace character.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replaceFirst(final char search, final char replace) {
         if (search != replace) {
             for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                 if (buffer[i] == search) {
                     buffer[i] = replace;
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the first instance of the search string with the replace string.
      *
      * @param searchStr The search string, null causes no action to occur.
      * @param replaceStr The replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replaceFirst(final String searchStr, final String replaceStr) {
         final int searchLen = searchStr == null ? 0 : searchStr.length();
         if (searchLen > 0) {
             final int index = indexOf(searchStr, 0);
             if (index >= 0) {
                 final int replaceLen = replaceStr == null ? 0 : replaceStr.length();
                 replaceImpl(index, index + searchLen, searchLen, replaceStr, replaceLen);
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the first match within the builder with the replace string.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced replace behavior. For example you could write a matcher to replace where
      * the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action.
      * @param replaceStr The replace string, null is equivalent to an empty string.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder replaceFirst(final StringMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr) {
         return replace(matcher, replaceStr, 0, size, 1);
     }
 
     /**
      * Internal method to delete a range without validation.
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex The end index (exclusive), must be valid.
      * @param removeLen The length to remove (endIndex - startIndex), must be valid.
      * @param insertStr The string to replace with, null means delete range.
      * @param insertLen The length of the insert string, must be valid.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid.
      */
     private void replaceImpl(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final int removeLen, final String insertStr,
         final int insertLen) {
         final int newSize = size - removeLen + insertLen;
         if (insertLen != removeLen) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(newSize);
             System.arraycopy(buffer, endIndex, buffer, startIndex + insertLen, size - endIndex);
             if (size > newSize) {
                 Arrays.fill(buffer, newSize, size, CharUtils.NUL);
             }
             size = newSize;
         }
         if (insertLen > 0) {
             insertStr.getChars(0, insertLen, buffer, startIndex);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces within the builder using a matcher.
      * <p>
      * Matchers can be used to perform advanced behavior. For example you could write a matcher to delete all
      * occurrences where the character 'a' is followed by a number.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param matcher The matcher to use to find the deletion, null causes no action.
      * @param replaceStr The string to replace the match with, null is a delete.
      * @param from The start index, must be valid.
      * @param to The end index (exclusive), must be valid.
      * @param replaceCount The number of times to replace, -1 for replace all.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index is invalid.
      */
     private TextStringBuilder replaceImpl(final StringMatcher matcher, final String replaceStr, final int from, int to,
         int replaceCount) {
         if (matcher == null || size == 0) {
             return this;
         }
         final int replaceLen = replaceStr == null ? 0 : replaceStr.length();
         for (int i = from; i < to && replaceCount != 0; i++) {
             final char[] buf = buffer;
             final int removeLen = matcher.isMatch(buf, i, from, to);
             if (removeLen > 0) {
                 replaceImpl(i, i + removeLen, removeLen, replaceStr, replaceLen);
                 to = to - removeLen + replaceLen;
                 i = i + replaceLen - 1;
                 if (replaceCount > 0) {
                     replaceCount--;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Resizes the buffer to at least the size specified.
      *
      * @param minCapacity The minimum required capacity.
      * @throws OutOfMemoryError if the {@code minCapacity} is negative.
      */
     private void resizeBuffer(final int minCapacity) {
         // Overflow-conscious code treats the min and new capacity as unsigned.
         final int oldCapacity = buffer.length;
         int newCapacity = oldCapacity * 2;
         if (Integer.compareUnsigned(newCapacity, minCapacity) < 0) {
             newCapacity = minCapacity;
         }
         if (Integer.compareUnsigned(newCapacity, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) > 0) {
             newCapacity = createPositiveCapacity(minCapacity);
         }
         reallocate(newCapacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reverses the string builder placing each character in the opposite index.
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder reverse() {
         if (size == 0) {
             return this;
         }
         final int half = size / 2;
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         boolean hasSurrogates = false;
         for (int leftIdx = 0, rightIdx = size - 1; leftIdx < half; leftIdx++, rightIdx--) {
             final char left = buf[leftIdx];
             final char right = buf[rightIdx];
             buf[leftIdx] = right;
             buf[rightIdx] = left;
             hasSurrogates |= Character.isSurrogate(left) || Character.isSurrogate(right);
         }
         if (hasSurrogates) {
             // The plain swap leaves each surrogate pair in low-high order; restore the high-low order so a
             // reversed supplementary code point stays a valid pair, matching StringBuilder#reverse().
             for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
                 if (Character.isLowSurrogate(buf[i]) && Character.isHighSurrogate(buf[i + 1])) {
                     final char low = buf[i];
                     buf[i] = buf[i + 1];
                     buf[i + 1] = low;
                     i++;
                 }
             }
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts the rightmost characters from the string builder without throwing an exception.
      * <p>
      * This method extracts the right {@code length} characters from the builder. If this many characters are not
      * available, the whole builder is returned. Thus the returned string may be shorter than the length requested.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param length The number of characters to extract, negative returns empty string.
      * @return The new string.
      */
     public String rightString(final int length) {
         if (length <= 0) {
             return StringUtils.EMPTY;
         }
         if (length >= size) {
             return new String(buffer, 0, size);
         }
         return new String(buffer, size - length, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Clears and sets this builder to the given value.
      *
      * @param str The new value.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @since 1.9
      * @see #charAt(int)
      * @see #deleteCharAt(int)
      */
     public TextStringBuilder set(final CharSequence str) {
         return clear().append(str);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the character at the specified index.
      *
      * @param index The index to set
      * @param ch The new character
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
      * @see #charAt(int)
      * @see #deleteCharAt(int)
      */
     public TextStringBuilder setCharAt(final int index, final char ch) {
         validateIndex(index);
         buffer[index] = ch;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Updates the length of the builder by either dropping the last characters or adding filler of Unicode zero.
      *
      * @param length The length to set to, must be zero or positive.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the length is negative.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder setLength(final int length) {
         if (length < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(length);
         }
         if (length < size) {
             Arrays.fill(buffer, length, size, CharUtils.NUL);
             size = length;
         } else if (length > size) {
             ensureCapacityInternal(length);
             final int oldEnd = size;
             size = length;
             Arrays.fill(buffer, oldEnd, length, CharUtils.NUL);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the text to be appended when {@link #appendNewLine() new line} is called.
      *
      * @param newLine The new line text, {@code null} means use the system default from {@link System#lineSeparator()}.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder setNewLineText(final String newLine) {
         this.newLine = newLine;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the text to be appended when null is added.
      *
      * @param nullText The null text, null means no append.
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder setNullText(String nullText) {
         if (nullText != null && nullText.isEmpty()) {
             nullText = null;
         }
         this.nullText = nullText;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the length of the string builder.
      * <p>
      * This method is the same as {@link #length()} and is provided to match the API of Collections.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return The length.
      */
     public int size() {
         return size;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether this builder starts with the specified string.
      * <p>
      * Note that this method handles null input quietly, unlike String.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param str The string to search for, null returns false.
      * @return true if the builder starts with the string.
      */
     public boolean startsWith(final String str) {
         if (str == null) {
             return false;
         }
         final int len = str.length();
         if (len == 0) {
             return true;
         }
         if (len > size) {
             return false;
         }
         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             if (buffer[i] != str.charAt(i)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      */
     @Override
     public CharSequence subSequence(final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
         }
         if (endIndex > size) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
         }
         if (startIndex > endIndex) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex - startIndex);
         }
         return substring(startIndex, endIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts a portion of this string builder as a string.
      *
      * @param start The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @return The new string.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public String substring(final int start) {
         return substring(start, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Extracts a portion of this string builder as a string.
      * <p>
      * Note: This method treats an endIndex greater than the length of the builder as equal to the length of the
      * builder, and continues without error, unlike StringBuffer or String.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex The end index, exclusive, must be valid except that if too large it is treated as end of string.
      * @return The new string.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     public String substring(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         return new String(buffer, startIndex, endIndex - startIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies the builder's character array into a new character array.
      *
      * @return A new array that represents the contents of the builder.
      */
     public char[] toCharArray() {
         return size == 0 ? ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY : Arrays.copyOf(buffer, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies part of the builder's character array into a new character array.
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex   The end index, exclusive, must be valid except that if too large it is treated as end of string.
      * @return A new array that holds part of the contents of the builder.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if startIndex is invalid, or if endIndex is invalid (but endIndex greater than size is valid).
      */
     public char[] toCharArray(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         endIndex = validateRange(startIndex, endIndex);
         final int len = endIndex - startIndex;
         return len == 0 ? ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY : Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, startIndex, endIndex);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a String version of the string builder, creating a new instance each time the method is called.
      * <p>
      * Note that unlike StringBuffer, the string version returned is independent of the string builder.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return The builder as a String.
      */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return new String(buffer, 0, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a StringBuffer version of the string builder, creating a new instance each time the method is called.
      *
      * @return The builder as a StringBuffer.
      */
     public StringBuffer toStringBuffer() {
         return new StringBuffer(size).append(buffer, 0, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a StringBuilder version of the string builder, creating a new instance each time the method is called.
      *
      * @return The builder as a StringBuilder.
      */
     public StringBuilder toStringBuilder() {
         return new StringBuilder(size).append(buffer, 0, size);
     }
 
     /**
      * Trims the builder by removing characters less than or equal to a space from the beginning and end.
      *
      * @return {@code this} instance.
      */
     public TextStringBuilder trim() {
         if (size == 0) {
             return this;
         }
         int len = size;
         final char[] buf = buffer;
         int pos = 0;
         while (pos < len && buf[pos] <= SPACE) {
             pos++;
         }
         while (pos < len && buf[len - 1] <= SPACE) {
             len--;
         }
         if (len < size) {
             delete(len, size);
         }
         if (pos > 0) {
             delete(0, pos);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
      * Validates that an index is in the range {@code 0 <= index < size}.
      *
      * @param index The index to test.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException Thrown when the index is not the range {@code 0 <= index < size}.
      */
     protected void validateIndex(final int index) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Validates parameters defining a range of the builder.
      *
      * @param startIndex The start index, inclusive, must be valid.
      * @param endIndex The end index, exclusive, must be valid except that if too large it is treated as end of string.
      * @return A valid end index.
      * @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid.
      */
     protected int validateRange(final int startIndex, int endIndex) {
         if (startIndex < 0) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
         }
         if (endIndex > size) {
             endIndex = size;
         }
         if (startIndex > endIndex) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("end < start");
         }
         return endIndex;
     }
 
     private void validateRange(final int startIndex, final int length, final int strLength) {
         if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > strLength) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("startIndex must be valid");
         }
         if (length < 0 || startIndex + length > strLength) {
             throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be valid");
         }
     }
 
 }