/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  package org.apache.commons.io.file;
  
  import java.io.File;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.net.URI;
  import java.net.URISyntaxException;
  import java.net.URL;
  import java.nio.charset.Charset;
  import java.nio.file.AccessDeniedException;
  import java.nio.file.CopyOption;
  import java.nio.file.DirectoryStream;
  import java.nio.file.FileSystem;
  import java.nio.file.FileVisitOption;
  import java.nio.file.FileVisitResult;
  import java.nio.file.FileVisitor;
  import java.nio.file.Files;
  import java.nio.file.LinkOption;
  import java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException;
  import java.nio.file.NotDirectoryException;
  import java.nio.file.OpenOption;
  import java.nio.file.Path;
  import java.nio.file.Paths;
  import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.AclEntry;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.AclFileAttributeView;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.BasicFileAttributes;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.DosFileAttributeView;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.DosFileAttributes;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.FileAttribute;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.FileTime;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFileAttributeView;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFileAttributes;
  import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission;
  import java.time.Duration;
  import java.time.Instant;
  import java.time.chrono.ChronoZonedDateTime;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collection;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.Comparator;
  import java.util.EnumSet;
  import java.util.HashSet;
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Objects;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.function.Function;
  import java.util.stream.Collector;
  import java.util.stream.Collectors;
  import java.util.stream.Stream;
  import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
  
  import org.apache.commons.io.Charsets;
  import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.io.RandomAccessFileMode;
  import org.apache.commons.io.RandomAccessFiles;
  import org.apache.commons.io.ThreadUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.io.file.Counters.PathCounters;
  import org.apache.commons.io.file.attribute.FileTimes;
  import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.IOFileFilter;
  import org.apache.commons.io.function.IOFunction;
  import org.apache.commons.io.function.IOSupplier;
  
  /**
   * NIO Path utilities.
   *
   * @since 2.7
   */
  public final class PathUtils {
  
      /**
       * Private worker/holder that computes and tracks relative path names and their equality. We reuse the sorted relative lists when comparing directories.
       */
      private static final class RelativeSortedPaths {
  
         /**
          * Compares lists of paths regardless of their file systems.
          *
          * @param list1 the first list.
          * @param list2 the second list.
          * @return whether the lists are equal.
          */
         private static boolean equalsIgnoreFileSystem(final List<Path> list1, final List<Path> list2) {
             if (list1.size() != list2.size()) {
                 return false;
             }
             // compare both lists using iterators
             final Iterator<Path> iterator1 = list1.iterator();
             final Iterator<Path> iterator2 = list2.iterator();
             while (iterator1.hasNext() && iterator2.hasNext()) {
                 if (!equalsIgnoreFileSystem(iterator1.next(), iterator2.next())) {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
             return true;
         }
 
         private static boolean equalsIgnoreFileSystem(final Path path1, final Path path2) {
             final FileSystem fileSystem1 = path1.getFileSystem();
             final FileSystem fileSystem2 = path2.getFileSystem();
             if (fileSystem1 == fileSystem2) {
                 return path1.equals(path2);
             }
             final String separator1 = fileSystem1.getSeparator();
             final String separator2 = fileSystem2.getSeparator();
             final String string1 = path1.toString();
             final String string2 = path2.toString();
             if (Objects.equals(separator1, separator2)) {
                 // Separators are the same, so we can use toString comparison
                 return Objects.equals(string1, string2);
             }
             // Compare paths from different file systems component by component.
             return extractKey(separator1, string1).equals(extractKey(separator2, string2));
         }
 
         static String extractKey(final String separator, final String string) {
             // Replace the file separator in a path string with a string that is not legal in a path on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
             return string.replaceAll("\\" + separator, ">");
         }
 
         final boolean equals;
         // final List<Path> relativeDirList1; // might need later?
         // final List<Path> relativeDirList2; // might need later?
         final List<Path> relativeFileList1;
         final List<Path> relativeFileList2;
 
         /**
          * Constructs and initializes a new instance by accumulating directory and file info.
          *
          * @param dir1             First directory to compare.
          * @param dir2             Seconds directory to compare.
          * @param maxDepth         See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
          * @param linkOptions      Options indicating how symbolic links are handled.
          * @param fileVisitOptions See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
          * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
          */
         private RelativeSortedPaths(final Path dir1, final Path dir2, final int maxDepth, final LinkOption[] linkOptions,
                 final FileVisitOption[] fileVisitOptions) throws IOException {
             final List<Path> tmpRelativeDirList1;
             final List<Path> tmpRelativeDirList2;
             List<Path> tmpRelativeFileList1 = null;
             List<Path> tmpRelativeFileList2 = null;
             if (dir1 == null && dir2 == null) {
                 equals = true;
             } else if (dir1 == null ^ dir2 == null) {
                 equals = false;
             } else {
                 final boolean parentDirNotExists1 = Files.notExists(dir1, linkOptions);
                 final boolean parentDirNotExists2 = Files.notExists(dir2, linkOptions);
                 if (parentDirNotExists1 || parentDirNotExists2) {
                     equals = parentDirNotExists1 && parentDirNotExists2;
                 } else {
                     final AccumulatorPathVisitor visitor1 = accumulate(dir1, maxDepth, fileVisitOptions);
                     final AccumulatorPathVisitor visitor2 = accumulate(dir2, maxDepth, fileVisitOptions);
                     if (visitor1.getDirList().size() != visitor2.getDirList().size() || visitor1.getFileList().size() != visitor2.getFileList().size()) {
                         equals = false;
                     } else {
                         tmpRelativeDirList1 = visitor1.relativizeDirectories(dir1, true, null);
                         tmpRelativeDirList2 = visitor2.relativizeDirectories(dir2, true, null);
                         if (!equalsIgnoreFileSystem(tmpRelativeDirList1, tmpRelativeDirList2)) {
                             equals = false;
                         } else {
                             tmpRelativeFileList1 = visitor1.relativizeFiles(dir1, true, null);
                             tmpRelativeFileList2 = visitor2.relativizeFiles(dir2, true, null);
                             equals = equalsIgnoreFileSystem(tmpRelativeFileList1, tmpRelativeFileList2);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
             // relativeDirList1 = tmpRelativeDirList1;
             // relativeDirList2 = tmpRelativeDirList2;
             relativeFileList1 = tmpRelativeFileList1;
             relativeFileList2 = tmpRelativeFileList2;
         }
     }
 
     private static final OpenOption[] OPEN_OPTIONS_TRUNCATE = { StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.TRUNCATE_EXISTING };
     private static final OpenOption[] OPEN_OPTIONS_APPEND = { StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.APPEND };
     /**
      * Empty {@link CopyOption} array.
      *
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static final CopyOption[] EMPTY_COPY_OPTIONS = {};
     /**
      * Empty {@link DeleteOption} array.
      *
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static final DeleteOption[] EMPTY_DELETE_OPTION_ARRAY = {};
     /**
      * Empty {@link FileAttribute} array.
      *
      * @since 2.13.0
      */
     public static final FileAttribute<?>[] EMPTY_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY = {};
     /**
      * Empty {@link FileVisitOption} array.
      */
     public static final FileVisitOption[] EMPTY_FILE_VISIT_OPTION_ARRAY = {};
     /**
      * Empty {@link LinkOption} array.
      */
     public static final LinkOption[] EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY = {};
     /**
      * {@link LinkOption} array for {@link LinkOption#NOFOLLOW_LINKS}.
      *
      * @since 2.9.0
      * @deprecated Use {@link #noFollowLinkOptionArray()}.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final LinkOption[] NOFOLLOW_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY = { LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS };
     /**
      * A LinkOption used to follow link in this class, the inverse of {@link LinkOption#NOFOLLOW_LINKS}.
      *
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     static final LinkOption NULL_LINK_OPTION = null;
     /**
      * Empty {@link OpenOption} array.
      */
     public static final OpenOption[] EMPTY_OPEN_OPTION_ARRAY = {};
     /**
      * Empty {@link Path} array.
      *
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static final Path[] EMPTY_PATH_ARRAY = {};
 
     /**
      * Accumulates file tree information in a {@link AccumulatorPathVisitor}.
      *
      * @param directory        The directory to accumulate information.
      * @param maxDepth         See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param fileVisitOptions See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      * @return file tree information.
      */
     private static AccumulatorPathVisitor accumulate(final Path directory, final int maxDepth, final FileVisitOption[] fileVisitOptions) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(AccumulatorPathVisitor.builder().setDirectoryPostTransformer(PathUtils::stripTrailingSeparator).get(), directory,
                 toFileVisitOptionSet(fileVisitOptions), maxDepth);
     }
 
     /**
      * Cleans a directory by deleting only files, including in subdirectories, but without deleting the directories.
      *
      * @param directory directory to clean.
      * @return The visitation path counters.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static PathCounters cleanDirectory(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         return cleanDirectory(directory, EMPTY_DELETE_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Cleans a directory by deleting only files, including in subdirectories, but without deleting the directories.
      *
      * @param directory     directory to clean.
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return The visitation path counters.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static PathCounters cleanDirectory(final Path directory, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(new CleaningPathVisitor(Counters.longPathCounters(), deleteOptions), directory).getPathCounters();
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the given {@link Path}'s last modified time to the given file time.
      *
      * @param file     the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param fileTime the time reference.
      * @param options  options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return See {@link FileTime#compareTo(FileTime)}
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      */
     private static int compareLastModifiedTimeTo(final Path file, final FileTime fileTime, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return getLastModifiedTime(file, options).compareTo(fileTime);
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the files of two FileSystems to determine if they are equal or not while considering file contents. The comparison includes all files in all
      * subdirectories.
      * <p>
      * For example, to compare two ZIP files:
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * final Path zipPath1 = Paths.get("file1.zip");
      * final Path zipPath2 = Paths.get("file2.zip");
      * try (FileSystem fileSystem1 = FileSystems.newFileSystem(zipPath1, null); FileSystem fileSystem2 = FileSystems.newFileSystem(zipPath2, null)) {
      *     assertTrue(PathUtils.directoryAndFileContentEquals(dir1, dir2));
      * }
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param fileSystem1 The first FileSystem.
      * @param fileSystem2 The second FileSystem.
      * @return Whether the two FileSystem contain the same files while considering file contents.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      * @since 2.19.0
      */
     public static boolean contentEquals(final FileSystem fileSystem1, final FileSystem fileSystem2) throws IOException {
         if (Objects.equals(fileSystem1, fileSystem2)) {
             return true;
         }
         final List<Path> sortedList1 = toSortedList(fileSystem1.getRootDirectories());
         final List<Path> sortedList2 = toSortedList(fileSystem2.getRootDirectories());
         if (sortedList1.size() != sortedList2.size()) {
             return false;
         }
         for (int i = 0; i < sortedList1.size(); i++) {
             if (!directoryAndFileContentEquals(sortedList1.get(i), sortedList2.get(i))) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies the InputStream from the supplier with {@link Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)}.
      *
      * @param in          Supplies the InputStream.
      * @param target      See {@link Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)}.
      * @param copyOptions See {@link Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)}.
      * @return See {@link Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)}
      * @throws IOException See {@link Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)}
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static long copy(final IOSupplier<InputStream> in, final Path target, final CopyOption... copyOptions) throws IOException {
         try (InputStream inputStream = in.get()) {
             return Files.copy(inputStream, target, copyOptions);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies a directory to another directory.
      *
      * @param sourceDirectory The source directory.
      * @param targetDirectory The target directory.
      * @param copyOptions     Specifies how the copying should be done.
      * @return The visitation path counters.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static PathCounters copyDirectory(final Path sourceDirectory, final Path targetDirectory, final CopyOption... copyOptions) throws IOException {
         final Path absoluteSource = sourceDirectory.toAbsolutePath();
         return visitFileTree(new CopyDirectoryVisitor(Counters.longPathCounters(), absoluteSource, targetDirectory, copyOptions), absoluteSource)
                 .getPathCounters();
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies a URL to a directory.
      *
      * @param sourceFile  The source URL.
      * @param targetFile  The target file.
      * @param copyOptions Specifies how the copying should be done.
      * @return The target file
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)
      */
     public static Path copyFile(final URL sourceFile, final Path targetFile, final CopyOption... copyOptions) throws IOException {
         copy(sourceFile::openStream, targetFile, copyOptions);
         return targetFile;
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies a file to a directory.
      *
      * @param sourceFile      The source file.
      * @param targetDirectory The target directory.
      * @param copyOptions     Specifies how the copying should be done.
      * @return The target file
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see Files#copy(Path, Path, CopyOption...)
      */
     public static Path copyFileToDirectory(final Path sourceFile, final Path targetDirectory, final CopyOption... copyOptions) throws IOException {
         // Path.resolve() naturally won't work across FileSystem unless we convert to a String
         final Path sourceFileName = Objects.requireNonNull(sourceFile.getFileName(), "source file name");
         final Path targetFile = resolve(targetDirectory, sourceFileName);
         return Files.copy(sourceFile, targetFile, copyOptions);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copies a URL to a directory.
      *
      * @param sourceFile      The source URL.
      * @param targetDirectory The target directory.
      * @param copyOptions     Specifies how the copying should be done.
      * @return The target file
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see Files#copy(InputStream, Path, CopyOption...)
      */
     public static Path copyFileToDirectory(final URL sourceFile, final Path targetDirectory, final CopyOption... copyOptions) throws IOException {
         final Path resolve = targetDirectory.resolve(FilenameUtils.getName(sourceFile.getFile()));
         copy(sourceFile::openStream, resolve, copyOptions);
         return resolve;
     }
 
     /**
      * Counts aspects of a directory including subdirectories.
      *
      * @param directory directory to delete.
      * @return The visitor used to count the given directory.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static PathCounters countDirectory(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(CountingPathVisitor.withLongCounters(), directory).getPathCounters();
     }
 
     /**
      * Counts aspects of a directory including subdirectories.
      *
      * @param directory directory to count.
      * @return The visitor used to count the given directory.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static PathCounters countDirectoryAsBigInteger(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(CountingPathVisitor.withBigIntegerCounters(), directory).getPathCounters();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates the parent directories for the given {@code path}.
      * <p>
      * If the parent directory already exists, then return it.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path  The path to a file (or directory).
      * @param attrs An optional list of file attributes to set atomically when creating the directories.
      * @return The Path for the {@code path}'s parent directory or null if the given path has no parent.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static Path createParentDirectories(final Path path, final FileAttribute<?>... attrs) throws IOException {
         return createParentDirectories(path, LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS, attrs);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates the parent directories for the given {@code path}.
      * <p>
      * If the parent directory already exists, then return it.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path       The path to a file (or directory).
      * @param linkOption A {@link LinkOption} or null.
      * @param attrs      An optional list of file attributes to set atomically when creating the directories.
      * @return The Path for the {@code path}'s parent directory or null if the given path has no parent.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static Path createParentDirectories(final Path path, final LinkOption linkOption, final FileAttribute<?>... attrs) throws IOException {
         Path parent = getParent(path);
         parent = linkOption == LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS ? parent : readIfSymbolicLink(parent);
         if (parent == null) {
             return null;
         }
         final boolean exists = linkOption == null ? Files.exists(parent) : Files.exists(parent, linkOption);
         return exists ? parent : Files.createDirectories(parent, attrs);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the current directory.
      *
      * @return the current directory.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static Path current() {
         return Paths.get(".");
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes a file or directory. If the path is a directory, delete it and all subdirectories.
      * <p>
      * The difference between {@link File#delete()} and this method are:
      * </p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>A directory to delete does not have to be empty.</li>
      * <li>You get exceptions when a file or directory cannot be deleted; {@link File#delete()} returns a boolean.
      * </ul>
      *
      * @param path file or directory to delete, must not be {@code null}
      * @return The visitor used to delete the given directory.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is {@code null}
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method or if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public static PathCounters delete(final Path path) throws IOException {
         return delete(path, EMPTY_DELETE_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes a file or directory. If the path is a directory, delete it and all subdirectories.
      * <p>
      * The difference between File.delete() and this method are:
      * </p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>A directory to delete does not have to be empty.</li>
      * <li>You get exceptions when a file or directory cannot be deleted; {@link File#delete()} returns a boolean.
      * </ul>
      *
      * @param path          file or directory to delete, must not be {@code null}
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return The visitor used to delete the given directory.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is {@code null}
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method or if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static PathCounters delete(final Path path, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) throws IOException {
         // File deletion through Files deletes links, not targets, so use LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS.
         return Files.isDirectory(path, LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS) ? deleteDirectory(path, deleteOptions) : deleteFile(path, deleteOptions);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes a file or directory. If the path is a directory, delete it and all subdirectories.
      * <p>
      * The difference between File.delete() and this method are:
      * </p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>A directory to delete does not have to be empty.</li>
      * <li>You get exceptions when a file or directory cannot be deleted; {@link File#delete()} returns a boolean.
      * </ul>
      *
      * @param path          file or directory to delete, must not be {@code null}
      * @param linkOptions   How to handle symbolic links.
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return The visitor used to delete the given directory.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is {@code null}
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method or if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static PathCounters delete(final Path path, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) throws IOException {
         // File deletion through Files deletes links, not targets, so use LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS.
         return Files.isDirectory(path, linkOptions) ? deleteDirectory(path, linkOptions, deleteOptions) : deleteFile(path, linkOptions, deleteOptions);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes a directory including subdirectories.
      *
      * @param directory directory to delete.
      * @return The visitor used to delete the given directory.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static PathCounters deleteDirectory(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         return deleteDirectory(directory, EMPTY_DELETE_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes a directory including subdirectories.
      *
      * @param directory     directory to delete.
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return The visitor used to delete the given directory.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static PathCounters deleteDirectory(final Path directory, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) throws IOException {
         final LinkOption[] linkOptions = noFollowLinkOptionArray();
         // POSIX ops will noop on non-POSIX.
         return withPosixFileAttributes(getParent(directory), linkOptions, overrideReadOnly(deleteOptions),
                 pfa -> visitFileTree(new DeletingPathVisitor(Counters.longPathCounters(), linkOptions, deleteOptions), directory).getPathCounters());
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes a directory including subdirectories.
      *
      * @param directory     directory to delete.
      * @param linkOptions   How to handle symbolic links.
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return The visitor used to delete the given directory.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static PathCounters deleteDirectory(final Path directory, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(new DeletingPathVisitor(Counters.longPathCounters(), linkOptions, deleteOptions), directory).getPathCounters();
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the given file.
      *
      * @param file The file to delete.
      * @return A visitor with path counts set to 1 file, 0 directories, and the size of the deleted file.
      * @throws IOException         if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NoSuchFileException if the file is a directory
      */
     public static PathCounters deleteFile(final Path file) throws IOException {
         return deleteFile(file, EMPTY_DELETE_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the given file.
      *
      * @param file          The file to delete.
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return A visitor with path counts set to 1 file, 0 directories, and the size of the deleted file.
      * @throws IOException         if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NoSuchFileException if the file is a directory.
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static PathCounters deleteFile(final Path file, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) throws IOException {
         // Files.deleteIfExists() never follows links, so use LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS in other calls to Files.
         return deleteFile(file, noFollowLinkOptionArray(), deleteOptions);
     }
 
     /**
      * Deletes the given file.
      *
      * @param file          The file to delete.
      * @param linkOptions   How to handle symbolic links.
      * @param deleteOptions How to handle deletion.
      * @return A visitor with path counts set to 1 file, 0 directories, and the size of the deleted file.
      * @throws IOException         if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NoSuchFileException if the file is a directory.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static PathCounters deleteFile(final Path file, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final DeleteOption... deleteOptions)
             throws NoSuchFileException, IOException {
         //
         // TODO Needs clean up?
         //
         if (Files.isDirectory(file, linkOptions)) {
             throw new NoSuchFileException(file.toString());
         }
         final PathCounters pathCounts = Counters.longPathCounters();
         boolean exists = exists(file, linkOptions);
         long size = exists && !Files.isSymbolicLink(file) ? Files.size(file) : 0;
         try {
             if (Files.deleteIfExists(file)) {
                 pathCounts.getFileCounter().increment();
                 pathCounts.getByteCounter().add(size);
                 return pathCounts;
             }
         } catch (final AccessDeniedException ignored) {
             // Ignore and try again below.
         }
         final Path parent = getParent(file);
         PosixFileAttributes posixFileAttributes = null;
         try {
             if (overrideReadOnly(deleteOptions)) {
                 posixFileAttributes = readPosixFileAttributes(parent, linkOptions);
                 setReadOnly(file, false, linkOptions);
             }
             // Read size _after_ having read/execute access on POSIX.
             exists = exists(file, linkOptions);
             size = exists && !Files.isSymbolicLink(file) ? Files.size(file) : 0;
             if (Files.deleteIfExists(file)) {
                 pathCounts.getFileCounter().increment();
                 pathCounts.getByteCounter().add(size);
             }
         } finally {
             if (posixFileAttributes != null) {
                 Files.setPosixFilePermissions(parent, posixFileAttributes.permissions());
             }
         }
         return pathCounts;
     }
 
     /**
      * Delegates to {@link File#deleteOnExit()}.
      *
      * @param path the path to delete.
      * @since 3.13.0
      */
     public static void deleteOnExit(final Path path) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(path).toFile().deleteOnExit();
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the files of two Paths to determine if they are equal or not while considering file contents. The comparison includes all files in all
      * subdirectories.
      *
      * @param path1 The first directory.
      * @param path2 The second directory.
      * @return Whether the two directories contain the same files while considering file contents.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static boolean directoryAndFileContentEquals(final Path path1, final Path path2) throws IOException {
         return directoryAndFileContentEquals(path1, path2, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY, EMPTY_OPEN_OPTION_ARRAY, EMPTY_FILE_VISIT_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the file sets of two Paths to determine if they are equal or not while considering file contents. The comparison includes all files in all
      * subdirectories.
      *
      * @param path1           The first directory.
      * @param path2           The second directory.
      * @param linkOptions     options to follow links.
      * @param openOptions     options to open files.
      * @param fileVisitOption options to configure traversal.
      * @return Whether the two directories contain the same files while considering file contents.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static boolean directoryAndFileContentEquals(final Path path1, final Path path2, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final OpenOption[] openOptions,
             final FileVisitOption[] fileVisitOption) throws IOException {
         // First walk both file trees and gather normalized paths.
         if (path1 == null && path2 == null) {
             return true;
         }
         if (path1 == null || path2 == null) {
             return false;
         }
         if (notExists(path1) && notExists(path2)) {
             return true;
         }
         final RelativeSortedPaths relativeSortedPaths = new RelativeSortedPaths(path1, path2, Integer.MAX_VALUE, linkOptions, fileVisitOption);
         // If the normalized path names and counts are not the same, no need to compare contents.
         if (!relativeSortedPaths.equals) {
             return false;
         }
         // Both visitors contain the same normalized paths, we can compare file contents.
         final List<Path> fileList1 = relativeSortedPaths.relativeFileList1;
         final List<Path> fileList2 = relativeSortedPaths.relativeFileList2;
         final boolean sameFileSystem = isSameFileSystem(path1, path2);
         for (final Path path : fileList1) {
             final int binarySearch = sameFileSystem ? Collections.binarySearch(fileList2, path)
                     : Collections.binarySearch(fileList2, path,
                             Comparator.comparing(p -> RelativeSortedPaths.extractKey(p.getFileSystem().getSeparator(), p.toString())));
             if (binarySearch < 0) {
                 throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected mismatch.");
             }
             if (sameFileSystem && !fileContentEquals(path1.resolve(path), path2.resolve(path), linkOptions, openOptions)) {
                 return false;
             }
             if (!fileContentEquals(path1.resolve(path.toString()), path2.resolve(path.toString()), linkOptions, openOptions)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the file sets of two Paths to determine if they are equal or not without considering file contents. The comparison includes all files in all
      * subdirectories.
      *
      * @param path1 The first directory.
      * @param path2 The second directory.
      * @return Whether the two directories contain the same files without considering file contents.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static boolean directoryContentEquals(final Path path1, final Path path2) throws IOException {
         return directoryContentEquals(path1, path2, Integer.MAX_VALUE, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY, EMPTY_FILE_VISIT_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the file sets of two Paths to determine if they are equal or not without considering file contents. The comparison includes all files in all
      * subdirectories.
      *
      * @param path1            The first directory.
      * @param path2            The second directory.
      * @param maxDepth         See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param linkOptions      options to follow links.
      * @param fileVisitOptions options to configure the traversal
      * @return Whether the two directories contain the same files without considering file contents.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static boolean directoryContentEquals(final Path path1, final Path path2, final int maxDepth, final LinkOption[] linkOptions,
             final FileVisitOption[] fileVisitOptions) throws IOException {
         return new RelativeSortedPaths(path1, path2, maxDepth, linkOptions, fileVisitOptions).equals;
     }
 
     private static boolean exists(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return path != null && (options != null ? Files.exists(path, options) : Files.exists(path));
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the file contents of two Paths to determine if they are equal or not.
      * <p>
      * File content is accessed through {@link Files#newInputStream(Path,OpenOption...)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path1 the first file path.
      * @param path2 the second file path.
      * @return true if the content of the streams are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise.
      * @throws NullPointerException if either input is null.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils#contentEquals(java.io.File, java.io.File)
      */
     public static boolean fileContentEquals(final Path path1, final Path path2) throws IOException {
         return fileContentEquals(path1, path2, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY, EMPTY_OPEN_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares the file contents of two Paths to determine if they are equal or not.
      * <p>
      * File content is accessed through {@link RandomAccessFileMode#create(Path)}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path1       the first file path.
      * @param path2       the second file path.
      * @param linkOptions options specifying how files are followed.
      * @param openOptions ignored.
      * @return true if the content of the streams are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise.
      * @throws NullPointerException if openOptions is null.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils#contentEquals(java.io.File, java.io.File)
      */
     public static boolean fileContentEquals(final Path path1, final Path path2, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final OpenOption[] openOptions)
             throws IOException {
         if (path1 == null && path2 == null) {
             return true;
         }
         if (path1 == null || path2 == null) {
             return false;
         }
         final Path nPath1 = path1.normalize();
         final Path nPath2 = path2.normalize();
         final boolean path1Exists = exists(nPath1, linkOptions);
         if (path1Exists != exists(nPath2, linkOptions)) {
             return false;
         }
         if (!path1Exists) {
             // Two not existing files are equal?
             // Same as FileUtils
             return true;
         }
         if (Files.isDirectory(nPath1, linkOptions)) {
             // don't compare directory contents.
             throw new IOException("Can't compare directories, only files: " + nPath1);
         }
         if (Files.isDirectory(nPath2, linkOptions)) {
             // don't compare directory contents.
             throw new IOException("Can't compare directories, only files: " + nPath2);
         }
         if (Files.size(nPath1) != Files.size(nPath2)) {
             // lengths differ, cannot be equal
             return false;
         }
         if (isSameFileSystem(path1, path2) && path1.equals(path2)) {
             // same file
             return true;
         }
         // Faster:
         try (RandomAccessFile raf1 = RandomAccessFileMode.READ_ONLY.create(path1.toRealPath(linkOptions));
                 RandomAccessFile raf2 = RandomAccessFileMode.READ_ONLY.create(path2.toRealPath(linkOptions))) {
             return RandomAccessFiles.contentEquals(raf1, raf2);
         } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException e) {
             // Slower:
             // Handle
             // java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
             // at com.sun.nio.zipfs.ZipPath.toFile(ZipPath.java:656)
             try (InputStream inputStream1 = Files.newInputStream(nPath1, openOptions);
                     InputStream inputStream2 = Files.newInputStream(nPath2, openOptions)) {
                 return IOUtils.contentEquals(inputStream1, inputStream2);
             }
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * <p>
      * Applies an {@link IOFileFilter} to the provided {@link File} objects. The resulting array is a subset of the original file list that matches the provided
      * filter.
      * </p>
      *
      * <p>
      * The {@link Set} returned by this method is not guaranteed to be thread safe.
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * Set&lt;File&gt; allFiles = ...
      * Set&lt;File&gt; javaFiles = FileFilterUtils.filterSet(allFiles,
      *     FileFilterUtils.suffixFileFilter(".java"));
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param filter the filter to apply to the set of files.
      * @param paths  the array of files to apply the filter to.
      * @return a subset of {@code files} that is accepted by the file filter.
      * @throws NullPointerException     if the filter is {@code null}
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code files} contains a {@code null} value.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static Path[] filter(final PathFilter filter, final Path... paths) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(filter, "filter");
         if (paths == null) {
             return EMPTY_PATH_ARRAY;
         }
         return filterPaths(filter, Stream.of(paths), Collectors.toList()).toArray(EMPTY_PATH_ARRAY);
     }
 
     private static <R, A> R filterPaths(final PathFilter filter, final Stream<Path> stream, final Collector<? super Path, A, R> collector) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(filter, "filter");
         Objects.requireNonNull(collector, "collector");
         if (stream == null) {
             return Stream.<Path>empty().collect(collector);
         }
         return stream.filter(p -> {
             try {
                 return p != null && filter.accept(p, readBasicFileAttributes(p)) == FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
             } catch (final IOException e) {
                 return false;
             }
         }).collect(collector);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the access control list from a file attribute view.
      *
      * @param sourcePath the path to the file.
      * @return a file attribute view of the given type, or null if the attribute view type is not available.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static List<AclEntry> getAclEntryList(final Path sourcePath) throws IOException {
         final AclFileAttributeView fileAttributeView = getAclFileAttributeView(sourcePath);
         return fileAttributeView == null ? null : fileAttributeView.getAcl();
     }
 
     /**
      * Shorthand for {@code Files.getFileAttributeView(path, AclFileAttributeView.class)}.
      *
      * @param path    the path to the file.
      * @param options how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return a AclFileAttributeView, or {@code null} if the attribute view type is not available.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static AclFileAttributeView getAclFileAttributeView(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return Files.getFileAttributeView(path, AclFileAttributeView.class, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the base name (the part up to and not including the last ".") of the last path segment of a file name.
      * <p>
      * Will return the file name itself if it doesn't contain any periods. All leading directories of the {@code file name} parameter are skipped.
      * </p>
      *
      * @return the base name of file name
      * @param path the path of the file to obtain the base name of.
      * @since 2.16.0
      */
     public static String getBaseName(final Path path) {
         if (path == null) {
             return null;
         }
         final Path fileName = path.getFileName();
         return fileName != null ? FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fileName.toString()) : null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Shorthand for {@code Files.getFileAttributeView(path, DosFileAttributeView.class, options)}.
      *
      * @param path    the path to the file.
      * @param options how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return a DosFileAttributeView, or {@code null} if the attribute view type is not available.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static DosFileAttributeView getDosFileAttributeView(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return Files.getFileAttributeView(path, DosFileAttributeView.class, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the extension of a Path.
      * <p>
      * This method returns the textual part of the Path after the last period.
      * </p>
      *
      * <pre>
      * foo.txt      --&gt; "txt"
      * a/b/c.jpg    --&gt; "jpg"
      * a/b.txt/c    --&gt; ""
      * a/b/c        --&gt; ""
      * </pre>
      * <p>
      * The output will be the same irrespective of the machine that the code is running on.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path the path to query.
      * @return the extension of the file or an empty string if none exists or {@code null} if the fileName is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.16.0
      */
     public static String getExtension(final Path path) {
         final String fileName = getFileNameString(path);
         return fileName != null ? FilenameUtils.getExtension(fileName) : null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the Path's file name and apply the given function if the file name is non-null.
      *
      * @param <R>      The function's result type.
      * @param path     the path to query.
      * @param function function to apply to the file name.
      * @return the Path's file name as a string or null.
      * @see Path#getFileName()
      * @since 2.16.0
      */
     public static <R> R getFileName(final Path path, final Function<Path, R> function) {
         final Path fileName = path != null ? path.getFileName() : null;
         return fileName != null ? function.apply(fileName) : null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the Path's file name as a string.
      *
      * @param path the path to query.
      * @return the Path's file name as a string or null.
      * @see Path#getFileName()
      * @since 2.16.0
      */
     public static String getFileNameString(final Path path) {
         return getFileName(path, Path::toString);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the file's last modified time or null if the file does not exist.
      * <p>
      * The method provides a workaround for bug <a href="https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8177809">JDK-8177809</a> where {@link File#lastModified()}
      * looses milliseconds and always ends in 000. This bug is in OpenJDK 8 and 9, and fixed in 11.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param file the file to query.
      * @return the file's last modified time.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static FileTime getLastModifiedFileTime(final File file) throws IOException {
         return getLastModifiedFileTime(file.toPath(), null, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the file's last modified time or null if the file does not exist.
      *
      * @param path            the file to query.
      * @param defaultIfAbsent Returns this file time of the file does not exist, may be null.
      * @param options         options indicating how symbolic links are handled.
      * @return the file's last modified time.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static FileTime getLastModifiedFileTime(final Path path, final FileTime defaultIfAbsent, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return Files.exists(path) ? getLastModifiedTime(path, options) : defaultIfAbsent;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the file's last modified time or null if the file does not exist.
      *
      * @param path    the file to query.
      * @param options options indicating how symbolic links are handled.
      * @return the file's last modified time.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static FileTime getLastModifiedFileTime(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return getLastModifiedFileTime(path, null, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the file's last modified time or null if the file does not exist.
      *
      * @param uri the file to query.
      * @return the file's last modified time.
      * @throws IOException Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static FileTime getLastModifiedFileTime(final URI uri) throws IOException {
         return getLastModifiedFileTime(Paths.get(uri), null, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the file's last modified time or null if the file does not exist.
      *
      * @param url the file to query.
      * @return the file's last modified time.
      * @throws IOException        Thrown if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws URISyntaxException if the URL is not formatted strictly according to RFC2396 and cannot be converted to a URI.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static FileTime getLastModifiedFileTime(final URL url) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
         return getLastModifiedFileTime(url.toURI());
     }
 
     private static FileTime getLastModifiedTime(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return Files.getLastModifiedTime(Objects.requireNonNull(path, "path"), options);
     }
 
     private static Path getParent(final Path path) {
         return path == null ? null : path.getParent();
     }
 
     /**
      * Shorthand for {@code Files.getFileAttributeView(path, PosixFileAttributeView.class)}.
      *
      * @param path    the path to the file.
      * @param options how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return a PosixFileAttributeView, or {@code null} if the attribute view type is not available.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static PosixFileAttributeView getPosixFileAttributeView(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return Files.getFileAttributeView(path, PosixFileAttributeView.class, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets a {@link Path} representing the system temporary directory.
      *
      * @return the system temporary directory.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static Path getTempDirectory() {
         return Paths.get(FileUtils.getTempDirectoryPath());
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests whether the given {@link Path} is a directory or not. Implemented as a null-safe delegate to
      * {@code Files.isDirectory(Path path, LinkOption... options)}.
      *
      * @param path    the path to the file.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links
      * @return {@code true} if the file is a directory; {@code false} if the path is null, the file does not exist, is not a directory, or it cannot be
      *         determined if the file is a directory or not.
      * @throws SecurityException In the case of the default provider, and a security manager is installed, the {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)
      *                           checkRead} method is invoked to check read access to the directory.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static boolean isDirectory(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return path != null && Files.isDirectory(path, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests whether the given file or directory is empty.
      *
      * @param path the file or directory to query.
      * @return whether the file or directory is empty.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public static boolean isEmpty(final Path path) throws IOException {
         return Files.isDirectory(path) ? isEmptyDirectory(path) : isEmptyFile(path);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests whether the directory is empty.
      *
      * @param directory the directory to query.
      * @return whether the directory is empty.
      * @throws NotDirectoryException if the file could not otherwise be opened because it is not a directory <em>(optional specific exception)</em>.
      * @throws IOException           if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws SecurityException     In the case of the default provider, and a security manager is installed, the {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)
      *                               checkRead} method is invoked to check read access to the directory.
      */
     public static boolean isEmptyDirectory(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         try (DirectoryStream<Path> directoryStream = Files.newDirectoryStream(directory)) {
             return !directoryStream.iterator().hasNext();
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests whether the given file is empty.
      *
      * @param file the file to query.
      * @return whether the file is empty.
      * @throws IOException       if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws SecurityException In the case of the default provider, and a security manager is installed, its {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)
      *                           checkRead} method denies read access to the file.
      */
     public static boolean isEmptyFile(final Path file) throws IOException {
         return Files.size(file) <= 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is newer than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file    the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param czdt    the time reference.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified after the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isNewer(final Path file, final ChronoZonedDateTime<?> czdt, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(czdt, "czdt");
         return isNewer(file, czdt.toInstant(), options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is newer than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file     the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param fileTime the time reference.
      * @param options  options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified after the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isNewer(final Path file, final FileTime fileTime, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         if (notExists(file)) {
             return false;
         }
         return compareLastModifiedTimeTo(file, fileTime, options) > 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is newer than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file    the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param instant the time reference.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified after the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isNewer(final Path file, final Instant instant, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return isNewer(file, FileTime.from(instant), options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is newer than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file       the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param timeMillis the time reference measured in milliseconds since the epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
      * @param options    options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified after the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static boolean isNewer(final Path file, final long timeMillis, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return isNewer(file, FileTime.fromMillis(timeMillis), options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is newer than the reference {@link Path}.
      *
      * @param file      the {@link File} to test.
      * @param reference the {@link File} of which the modification date is used.
      * @return true if the {@link File} exists and has been modified more recently than the reference {@link File}.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isNewer(final Path file, final Path reference) throws IOException {
         return isNewer(file, getLastModifiedTime(reference));
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is older than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file     the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param fileTime the time reference.
      * @param options  options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified before the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isOlder(final Path file, final FileTime fileTime, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         if (notExists(file)) {
             return false;
         }
         return compareLastModifiedTimeTo(file, fileTime, options) < 0;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is older than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file    the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param instant the time reference.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified before the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isOlder(final Path file, final Instant instant, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return isOlder(file, FileTime.from(instant), options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is older than the given time reference.
      *
      * @param file       the {@link Path} to test.
      * @param timeMillis the time reference measured in milliseconds since the epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
      * @param options    options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the {@link Path} exists and has been modified before the given time reference.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isOlder(final Path file, final long timeMillis, final LinkOption... options) throws IOException {
         return isOlder(file, FileTime.fromMillis(timeMillis), options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests if the given {@link Path} is older than the reference {@link Path}.
      *
      * @param file      the {@link File} to test.
      * @param reference the {@link File} of which the modification date is used.
      * @return true if the {@link File} exists and has been modified before than the reference {@link File}.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isOlder(final Path file, final Path reference) throws IOException {
         return isOlder(file, getLastModifiedTime(reference));
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests whether the given path is on a POSIX file system.
      *
      * @param test    The Path to test.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if test is on a POSIX file system.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean isPosix(final Path test, final LinkOption... options) {
         return exists(test, options) && readPosixFileAttributes(test, options) != null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Tests whether the given {@link Path} is a regular file or not. Implemented as a null-safe delegate to
      * {@code Files.isRegularFile(Path path, LinkOption... options)}.
      *
      * @param path    the path to the file.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return {@code true} if the file is a regular file; {@code false} if the path is null, the file does not exist, is not a directory, or it cannot be
      *         determined if the file is a regular file or not.
      * @throws SecurityException In the case of the default provider, and a security manager is installed, the {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)
      *                           checkRead} method is invoked to check read access to the directory.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static boolean isRegularFile(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return path != null && Files.isRegularFile(path, options);
     }
 
     static boolean isSameFileSystem(final Path path1, final Path path2) {
         return path1.getFileSystem() == path2.getFileSystem();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new DirectoryStream for Paths rooted at the given directory.
      * <p>
      * If you don't use the try-with-resources construct, then you must call the stream's {@link Stream#close()} method after iteration is complete to free any
      * resources held for the open directory.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param dir        the path to the directory to stream.
      * @param pathFilter the directory stream filter.
      * @return a new instance.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public static DirectoryStream<Path> newDirectoryStream(final Path dir, final PathFilter pathFilter) throws IOException {
         return Files.newDirectoryStream(dir, new DirectoryStreamFilter(pathFilter));
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new OutputStream by opening or creating a file, returning an output stream that may be used to write bytes to the file.
      *
      * @param path   the Path.
      * @param append Whether or not to append.
      * @return a new OutputStream.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see Files#newOutputStream(Path, OpenOption...)
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static OutputStream newOutputStream(final Path path, final boolean append) throws IOException {
         return newOutputStream(path, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY, append ? OPEN_OPTIONS_APPEND : OPEN_OPTIONS_TRUNCATE);
     }
 
     static OutputStream newOutputStream(final Path path, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final OpenOption... openOptions) throws IOException {
         if (!exists(path, linkOptions)) {
             createParentDirectories(path, linkOptions != null && linkOptions.length > 0 ? linkOptions[0] : NULL_LINK_OPTION);
         }
         final List<OpenOption> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(openOptions != null ? openOptions : EMPTY_OPEN_OPTION_ARRAY));
         list.addAll(Arrays.asList(linkOptions != null ? linkOptions : EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY));
         return Files.newOutputStream(path, list.toArray(EMPTY_OPEN_OPTION_ARRAY));
     }
 
     /**
      * Copy of the {@link LinkOption} array for {@link LinkOption#NOFOLLOW_LINKS}.
      *
      * @return Copy of the {@link LinkOption} array for {@link LinkOption#NOFOLLOW_LINKS}.
      */
     public static LinkOption[] noFollowLinkOptionArray() {
         return NOFOLLOW_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY.clone();
     }
 
     private static boolean notExists(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return Files.notExists(Objects.requireNonNull(path, "path"), options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns true if the given options contain {@link StandardDeleteOption#OVERRIDE_READ_ONLY}.
      *
      * @param deleteOptions the array to test
      * @return true if the given options contain {@link StandardDeleteOption#OVERRIDE_READ_ONLY}.
      */
     private static boolean overrideReadOnly(final DeleteOption... deleteOptions) {
         if (deleteOptions == null) {
             return false;
         }
         return Stream.of(deleteOptions).anyMatch(e -> e == StandardDeleteOption.OVERRIDE_READ_ONLY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the BasicFileAttributes from the given path. Returns null if the attributes can't be read.
      *
      * @param <A>     The {@link BasicFileAttributes} type
      * @param path    The Path to test.
      * @param type    the {@link Class} of the file attributes required to read.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return the file attributes or null if the attributes can't be read.
      * @see Files#readAttributes(Path, Class, LinkOption...)
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static <A extends BasicFileAttributes> A readAttributes(final Path path, final Class<A> type, final LinkOption... options) {
         try {
             return path == null ? null : Files.readAttributes(path, type, options);
         } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException | IOException e) {
             // For example, on Windows.
             return null;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the BasicFileAttributes from the given path.
      *
      * @param path the path to read.
      * @return the path attributes.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     public static BasicFileAttributes readBasicFileAttributes(final Path path) throws IOException {
         return Files.readAttributes(path, BasicFileAttributes.class);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the BasicFileAttributes from the given path. Returns null if the attributes can't be read.
      *
      * @param path    the path to read.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return the path attributes.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static BasicFileAttributes readBasicFileAttributes(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return readAttributes(path, BasicFileAttributes.class, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the BasicFileAttributes from the given path. Returns null if the attributes can't be read.
      *
      * @param path the path to read.
      * @return the path attributes.
      * @since 2.9.0
      * @deprecated Use {@link #readBasicFileAttributes(Path, LinkOption...)}.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static BasicFileAttributes readBasicFileAttributesUnchecked(final Path path) {
         return readBasicFileAttributes(path, EMPTY_LINK_OPTION_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the DosFileAttributes from the given path. Returns null if the attributes can't be read.
      *
      * @param path    the path to read.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return the path attributes.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static DosFileAttributes readDosFileAttributes(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return readAttributes(path, DosFileAttributes.class, options);
     }
 
     private static Path readIfSymbolicLink(final Path path) throws IOException {
         return path != null ? Files.isSymbolicLink(path) ? Files.readSymbolicLink(path) : path : null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the PosixFileAttributes or DosFileAttributes from the given path. Returns null if the attributes can't be read.
      *
      * @param path    The Path to read.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return the file attributes.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static BasicFileAttributes readOsFileAttributes(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         final PosixFileAttributes fileAttributes = readPosixFileAttributes(path, options);
         return fileAttributes != null ? fileAttributes : readDosFileAttributes(path, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the PosixFileAttributes from the given path. Returns null instead of throwing {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
      *
      * @param path    The Path to read.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return the file attributes.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static PosixFileAttributes readPosixFileAttributes(final Path path, final LinkOption... options) {
         return readAttributes(path, PosixFileAttributes.class, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reads the file contents at the given path as a String using the Charset.
      *
      * @param path    The source path.
      * @param charset How to convert bytes to a String, null uses the default Charset.
      * @return the file contents as a new String.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs reading from the stream.
      * @see Files#readAllBytes(Path)
      * @see Charsets#toCharset(Charset)
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static String readString(final Path path, final Charset charset) throws IOException {
         return new String(Files.readAllBytes(path), Charsets.toCharset(charset));
     }
 
     /**
      * Relativizes all files in the given {@code collection} against a {@code parent}.
      *
      * @param collection The collection of paths to relativize.
      * @param parent     relativizes against this parent path.
      * @param sort       Whether to sort the result.
      * @param comparator How to sort.
      * @return A collection of relativized paths, optionally sorted.
      */
     static List<Path> relativize(final Collection<Path> collection, final Path parent, final boolean sort, final Comparator<? super Path> comparator) {
         Stream<Path> stream = collection.stream().map(parent::relativize);
         if (sort) {
             stream = comparator == null ? stream.sorted() : stream.sorted(comparator);
         }
         return stream.collect(Collectors.toList());
     }
 
     /**
      * Requires that the given {@link File} exists and throws an {@link IllegalArgumentException} if it doesn't.
      *
      * @param file          The {@link File} to check.
      * @param fileParamName The parameter name to use in the exception message in case of {@code null} input.
      * @param options       options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return the given file.
      * @throws NullPointerException     if the given {@link File} is {@code null}.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given {@link File} does not exist.
      */
     private static Path requireExists(final Path file, final String fileParamName, final LinkOption... options) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(file, fileParamName);
         if (!exists(file, options)) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("File system element for parameter '" + fileParamName + "' does not exist: '" + file + "'");
         }
         return file;
     }
 
     static Path resolve(final Path targetDirectory, final Path otherPath) {
         final FileSystem fileSystemTarget = targetDirectory.getFileSystem();
         final FileSystem fileSystemSource = otherPath.getFileSystem();
         if (fileSystemTarget == fileSystemSource) {
             return targetDirectory.resolve(otherPath);
         }
         final String separatorSource = fileSystemSource.getSeparator();
         final String separatorTarget = fileSystemTarget.getSeparator();
         final String otherString = otherPath.toString();
         return targetDirectory.resolve(Objects.equals(separatorSource, separatorTarget) ? otherString : otherString.replace(separatorSource, separatorTarget));
     }
 
     private static boolean setDosReadOnly(final Path path, final boolean readOnly, final LinkOption... linkOptions) throws IOException {
         final DosFileAttributeView dosFileAttributeView = getDosFileAttributeView(path, linkOptions);
         if (dosFileAttributeView != null) {
             dosFileAttributeView.setReadOnly(readOnly);
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the given {@code targetFile}'s last modified time to the value from {@code sourceFile}.
      *
      * @param sourceFile The source path to query.
      * @param targetFile The target path to set.
      * @throws NullPointerException if sourceFile is {@code null}.
      * @throws NullPointerException if targetFile is {@code null}.
      * @throws IOException          if setting the last-modified time failed.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static void setLastModifiedTime(final Path sourceFile, final Path targetFile) throws IOException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(sourceFile, "sourceFile");
         Files.setLastModifiedTime(targetFile, getLastModifiedTime(sourceFile));
     }
 
     /**
      * To delete a file in POSIX, you need Write and Execute permissions on its parent directory.
      *
      * @param parent               The parent path for a file element to delete which needs RW permissions.
      * @param enableDeleteChildren true to set permissions to delete.
      * @param linkOptions          options indicating how handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the operation was attempted and succeeded, false if parent is null.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     private static boolean setPosixDeletePermissions(final Path parent, final boolean enableDeleteChildren, final LinkOption... linkOptions)
             throws IOException {
         // To delete a file in POSIX, you need write and execute permissions on its parent directory.
         // @formatter:off
         return setPosixPermissions(parent, enableDeleteChildren, Arrays.asList(
             PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE,
             //PosixFilePermission.GROUP_WRITE,
             //PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_WRITE,
             PosixFilePermission.OWNER_EXECUTE
             //PosixFilePermission.GROUP_EXECUTE,
             //PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_EXECUTE
             ), linkOptions);
         // @formatter:on
     }
 
     /**
      * Low-level POSIX permission operation to set permissions.
      * <p>
      * If the permissions to update are already set, then make no additional calls.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path              Set this path's permissions.
      * @param addPermissions    true to add, false to remove.
      * @param updatePermissions the List of PosixFilePermission to add or remove.
      * @param linkOptions       options indicating how handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if the operation was attempted and succeeded, false if parent is null.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     private static boolean setPosixPermissions(final Path path, final boolean addPermissions, final List<PosixFilePermission> updatePermissions,
             final LinkOption... linkOptions) throws IOException {
         if (path != null) {
             final Set<PosixFilePermission> permissions = Files.getPosixFilePermissions(path, linkOptions);
             final Set<PosixFilePermission> newPermissions = new HashSet<>(permissions);
             if (addPermissions) {
                 newPermissions.addAll(updatePermissions);
             } else {
                 newPermissions.removeAll(updatePermissions);
             }
             if (!newPermissions.equals(permissions)) {
                 Files.setPosixFilePermissions(path, newPermissions);
             }
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     private static void setPosixReadOnlyFile(final Path path, final boolean readOnly, final LinkOption... linkOptions) throws IOException {
         // Not Windows 10
         final Set<PosixFilePermission> permissions = Files.getPosixFilePermissions(path, linkOptions);
         // @formatter:off
         final List<PosixFilePermission> readPermissions = Arrays.asList(
                 PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ
                 //PosixFilePermission.GROUP_READ,
                 //PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_READ
             );
         final List<PosixFilePermission> writePermissions = Arrays.asList(
                 PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE
                 //PosixFilePermission.GROUP_WRITE,
                 //PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_WRITE
             );
         // @formatter:on
         if (readOnly) {
             // RO: We can read, we cannot write.
             permissions.addAll(readPermissions);
             permissions.removeAll(writePermissions);
         } else {
             // Not RO: We can read, we can write.
             permissions.addAll(readPermissions);
             permissions.addAll(writePermissions);
         }
         Files.setPosixFilePermissions(path, permissions);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the given Path to the {@code readOnly} value.
      * <p>
      * This behavior is OS dependent.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path        The path to set.
      * @param readOnly    true for read-only, false for not read-only.
      * @param linkOptions options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return The given path.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.8.0
      */
     public static Path setReadOnly(final Path path, final boolean readOnly, final LinkOption... linkOptions) throws IOException {
         try {
             // Windows is simplest
             if (setDosReadOnly(path, readOnly, linkOptions)) {
                 return path;
             }
         } catch (final IOException ignored) {
             // Retry with POSIX below.
         }
         final Path parent = getParent(path);
         if (!isPosix(parent, linkOptions)) { // Test parent because we may not the permissions to test the file.
             throw new IOException(String.format("DOS or POSIX file operations not available for '%s', linkOptions %s", path, Arrays.toString(linkOptions)));
         }
         // POSIX
         if (readOnly) {
             // RO
             // File, then parent dir (if any).
             setPosixReadOnlyFile(path, readOnly, linkOptions);
             setPosixDeletePermissions(parent, false, linkOptions);
         } else {
             // RE
             // Parent dir (if any), then file.
             setPosixDeletePermissions(parent, true, linkOptions);
         }
         return path;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the size of the given file or directory. If the provided {@link Path} is a regular file, then the file's size is returned. If the argument is a
      * directory, then the size of the directory is calculated recursively.
      * <p>
      * Note that overflow is not detected, and the return value may be negative if overflow occurs. See {@link #sizeOfAsBigInteger(Path)} for an alternative
      * method that does not overflow.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param path the regular file or directory to return the size of, must not be {@code null}.
      * @return the length of the file, or recursive size of the directory, in bytes.
      * @throws NullPointerException     if the file is {@code null}.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file does not exist.
      * @throws IOException              if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static long sizeOf(final Path path) throws IOException {
         requireExists(path, "path");
         return Files.isDirectory(path) ? sizeOfDirectory(path) : Files.size(path);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the size of the given file or directory. If the provided {@link Path} is a regular file, then the file's size is returned. If the argument is a
      * directory, then the size of the directory is calculated recursively.
      *
      * @param path the regular file or directory to return the size of (must not be {@code null}).
      * @return the length of the file, or recursive size of the directory, provided (in bytes).
      * @throws NullPointerException     if the file is {@code null}.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file does not exist.
      * @throws IOException              if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static BigInteger sizeOfAsBigInteger(final Path path) throws IOException {
         requireExists(path, "path");
         return Files.isDirectory(path) ? sizeOfDirectoryAsBigInteger(path) : BigInteger.valueOf(Files.size(path));
     }
 
     /**
      * Counts the size of a directory recursively (sum of the size of all files).
      * <p>
      * Note that overflow is not detected, and the return value may be negative if overflow occurs. See {@link #sizeOfDirectoryAsBigInteger(Path)} for an
      * alternative method that does not overflow.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param directory directory to inspect, must not be {@code null}.
      * @return size of directory in bytes, 0 if directory is security restricted, a negative number when the real total is greater than {@link Long#MAX_VALUE}.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is {@code null}.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static long sizeOfDirectory(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         return countDirectory(directory).getByteCounter().getLong();
     }
 
     /**
      * Counts the size of a directory recursively (sum of the size of all files).
      *
      * @param directory directory to inspect, must not be {@code null}.
      * @return size of directory in bytes, 0 if directory is security restricted.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is {@code null}.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static BigInteger sizeOfDirectoryAsBigInteger(final Path directory) throws IOException {
         return countDirectoryAsBigInteger(directory).getByteCounter().getBigInteger();
     }
 
     private static Path stripTrailingSeparator(final Path dir) {
         final String separator = dir.getFileSystem().getSeparator();
         final String fileName = getFileNameString(dir);
         return fileName != null && fileName.endsWith(separator) ? dir.resolveSibling(fileName.substring(0, fileName.length() - 1)) : dir;
     }
 
     /**
      * Converts an array of {@link FileVisitOption} to a {@link Set}.
      *
      * @param fileVisitOptions input array.
      * @return a new Set.
      */
     static Set<FileVisitOption> toFileVisitOptionSet(final FileVisitOption... fileVisitOptions) {
         return fileVisitOptions == null ? EnumSet.noneOf(FileVisitOption.class) : Stream.of(fileVisitOptions).collect(Collectors.toSet());
     }
 
     private static <T> List<T> toList(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
         return StreamSupport.stream(iterable.spliterator(), false).collect(Collectors.toList());
     }
 
     private static List<Path> toSortedList(final Iterable<Path> rootDirectories) {
         final List<Path> list = toList(rootDirectories);
         Collections.sort(list);
         return list;
     }
 
     /**
      * Implements behavior similar to the Unix "touch" utility. Creates a new file with size 0, or, if the file exists, just updates the file's modified time.
      * this method creates parent directories if they do not exist.
      *
      * @param file the file to touch.
      * @return The given file.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the parameter is {@code null}.
      * @throws IOException          if setting the last-modified time failed or an I/O problem occurs.\
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static Path touch(final Path file) throws IOException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(file, "file");
         if (!Files.exists(file)) {
             createParentDirectories(file);
             Files.createFile(file);
         } else {
             FileTimes.setLastModifiedTime(file);
         }
         return file;
     }
 
     /**
      * Performs {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} and returns the given visitor.
      *
      * Note that {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} returns the given path.
      *
      * @param visitor   See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param directory See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param <T>       See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @return the given visitor.
      * @throws NoSuchFileException  if the directory does not exist.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is {@code null}.
      */
     public static <T extends FileVisitor<? super Path>> T visitFileTree(final T visitor, final Path directory) throws IOException {
         Files.walkFileTree(directory, visitor);
         return visitor;
     }
 
     /**
      * Performs {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} and returns the given visitor.
      *
      * Note that {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} returns the given path.
      *
      * @param start    See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param options  See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param maxDepth See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param visitor  See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param <T>      See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,Set,int,FileVisitor)}.
      * @return the given visitor.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static <T extends FileVisitor<? super Path>> T visitFileTree(final T visitor, final Path start, final Set<FileVisitOption> options,
             final int maxDepth) throws IOException {
         Files.walkFileTree(start, options, maxDepth, visitor);
         return visitor;
     }
 
     /**
      * Performs {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} and returns the given visitor.
      *
      * Note that {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} returns the given path.
      *
      * @param visitor See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param first   See {@link Paths#get(String,String[])}.
      * @param more    See {@link Paths#get(String,String[])}.
      * @param <T>     See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @return the given visitor.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static <T extends FileVisitor<? super Path>> T visitFileTree(final T visitor, final String first, final String... more) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(visitor, Paths.get(first, more));
     }
 
     /**
      * Performs {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} and returns the given visitor.
      *
      * Note that {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)} returns the given path.
      *
      * @param visitor See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @param uri     See {@link Paths#get(URI)}.
      * @param <T>     See {@link Files#walkFileTree(Path,FileVisitor)}.
      * @return the given visitor.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown by a visitor method.
      */
     public static <T extends FileVisitor<? super Path>> T visitFileTree(final T visitor, final URI uri) throws IOException {
         return visitFileTree(visitor, Paths.get(uri));
     }
 
     /**
      * Waits for the file system to detect a file's presence, with a timeout.
      * <p>
      * This method repeatedly tests {@link Files#exists(Path,LinkOption...)} until it returns true up to the maximum time given.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param file    the file to check, must not be {@code null}.
      * @param timeout the maximum time to wait.
      * @param options options indicating how to handle symbolic links.
      * @return true if file exists.
      * @throws NullPointerException if the file is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static boolean waitFor(final Path file, final Duration timeout, final LinkOption... options) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(file, "file");
         final Instant finishInstant = Instant.now().plus(timeout);
         boolean interrupted = false;
         final long minSleepMillis = 100;
         try {
             while (!exists(file, options)) {
                 final Instant now = Instant.now();
                 if (now.isAfter(finishInstant)) {
                     return false;
                 }
                 try {
                     ThreadUtils.sleep(Duration.ofMillis(Math.min(minSleepMillis, finishInstant.minusMillis(now.toEpochMilli()).toEpochMilli())));
                 } catch (final InterruptedException ignore) {
                     interrupted = true;
                 } catch (final Exception ex) {
                     break;
                 }
             }
         } finally {
             if (interrupted) {
                 Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
             }
         }
         return exists(file, options);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a stream of filtered paths.
      * <p>
      * The returned {@link Stream} may wrap one or more {@link DirectoryStream}s. When you require timely disposal of file system resources, use a
      * {@code try}-with-resources block to ensure invocation of the stream's {@link Stream#close()} method after the stream operations are completed. Calling a
      * closed stream causes a {@link IllegalStateException}.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param start          the start path
      * @param pathFilter     the path filter
      * @param maxDepth       the maximum depth of directories to walk.
      * @param readAttributes whether to call the filters with file attributes (false passes null).
      * @param options        the options to configure the walk.
      * @return a filtered stream of paths.
      * @throws IOException if an I/O error is thrown when accessing the starting file.
      * @since 2.9.0
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("resource") // Caller closes
     public static Stream<Path> walk(final Path start, final PathFilter pathFilter, final int maxDepth, final boolean readAttributes,
             final FileVisitOption... options) throws IOException {
         return Files.walk(start, maxDepth, options)
                 .filter(path -> pathFilter.accept(path, readAttributes ? readBasicFileAttributesUnchecked(path) : null) == FileVisitResult.CONTINUE);
     }
 
     private static <R> R withPosixFileAttributes(final Path path, final LinkOption[] linkOptions, final boolean overrideReadOnly,
             final IOFunction<PosixFileAttributes, R> function) throws IOException {
         final PosixFileAttributes posixFileAttributes = overrideReadOnly ? readPosixFileAttributes(path, linkOptions) : null;
         try {
             return function.apply(posixFileAttributes);
         } finally {
             if (posixFileAttributes != null && path != null && Files.exists(path, linkOptions)) {
                 Files.setPosixFilePermissions(path, posixFileAttributes.permissions());
             }
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Writes the given character sequence to a file at the given path.
      *
      * @param path         The target file.
      * @param charSequence The character sequence text.
      * @param charset      The Charset to encode the text.
      * @param openOptions  options How to open the file.
      * @return The given path.
      * @throws IOException          if an I/O error occurs writing to or creating the file.
      * @throws NullPointerException if either {@code path} or {@code charSequence} is {@code null}.
      * @since 2.12.0
      */
     public static Path writeString(final Path path, final CharSequence charSequence, final Charset charset, final OpenOption... openOptions)
             throws IOException {
         // Check the text is not null before opening file.
         Objects.requireNonNull(path, "path");
         Objects.requireNonNull(charSequence, "charSequence");
         Files.write(path, String.valueOf(charSequence).getBytes(Charsets.toCharset(charset)), openOptions);
         return path;
     }
 
     /**
      * Prevents instantiation.
      */
     private PathUtils() {
         // do not instantiate.
     }
 }